1. Van Tulder M, Koes B. Evidence-based medicine for low back pain. Medical Radiology. 2007; 111–25. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-68483-1_5 [
DOI:10.1007/978-3-540-68483-1_5]
2. Refshauge KM. Low back pain investigations and prognosis: A review. British Journal of Sports Medicine . 2006; 40(6):494–8. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2004.016659 [
DOI:10.1136/bjsm.2004.016659]
3. Costa LOP, Maher CG, Latimer J, Hodges PW, Herbert RD, Refshauge KM, et al. Motor control exercise for chronic low back pain: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Physical therapy. 2009; 89(12):1275-86. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20090218 [
DOI:10.2522/ptj.20090218]
4. Van Tulder M, Malmivaara A, Esmail R, Koes B. Exercise therapy for low back pain. Spine. 2000; 25(21):2784–96. doi: 10.1097/00007632-200011010-00011 [
DOI:10.1097/00007632-200011010-00011]
5. Liddle SD, Baxter DG, Gracey JH. Exercise and chronic low back pain: What works. Pain. 2004; 107(1):176–90. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2003.10.017 [
DOI:10.1016/j.pain.2003.10.017]
6. Richardson CA, Hodges P, Hides JA. Therapeutic exercise for lumbopelvic stabilization. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2004.
7. Rackwitz B, de Bie R, Limm H, von Garnier K, Ewert T, Stucki G. Segmental stabilizing exercises and low back pain, What is the evidence: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2006; 20(7):553–67. doi: 10.1191/0269215506cr977oa [
DOI:10.1191/0269215506cr977oa]
8. Ferreira PH, Ferreira ML, Maher CG, Herbert RD, Refshauge K. Specific stabilisation exercise for spinal and pelvic pain: A systematic review. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2006; 52(2):79–88. doi: 10.1016/s0004-9514(06)70043-5 [
DOI:10.1016/S0004-9514(06)70043-5]
9. Macedo LG, Maher CG, Latimer J, McAuley JH. Motor control exercise for persistent, nonspecific low back pain: A systematic review. Physical Therapy. 2008; 89(1):9–25. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20080103 [
DOI:10.2522/ptj.20080103]
10. Okhovatian F, Kahrizi S, Samadi-Pour A. [Comarison between three common remedial exercises in pain severity of patients with mechanical CLBP (Persian)]. Archives of Rehabilitation. 2003; 4(2):7-15.
11. Salehi S, Hedayati R, Bakhtiari A H, sanjari M A, Ghorbani R. [The comparative study of the effect of stabilization exercise and stretching-strengthening exercise on balance parameters in forward head posture patients (Persian)]. Archives of Rehabilitation. 2013; 14(1):50-60.
12. Ya'ghoubi Z, Kahrizi S, Parnian-Pour M, Ebrahimi-Takmajani E, Faghih-Zadeh S. [The short effects of two spinal stabilization exercise on balance tests and limit of stability in men with non–specific chronic low back pain: Randomized clinical trial study (Persian)]. Archives of Rehabilitation. 2012; 13(1):102-113.
13. Lederman E. The myth of core stability. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2010; 14(1):84–98. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2009.08.001 [
DOI:10.1016/j.jbmt.2009.08.001]
14. Hayden JA, van Tulder MW, Tomlinson G. Systematic review: Strategies for using exercise therapy to improve outcomes in chronic low back pain. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2005; 142(9):776. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-142-9-200505030-00014 [
DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-142-9-200505030-00014]
15. Henchoz Y, Kai-Lik So A. Exercise and nonspecific low back pain: A literature review. Joint Bone Spine. 2008; 75(5):533–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2008.03.003 [
DOI:10.1016/j.jbspin.2008.03.003]
16. Willardson JM. Core stability training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2007; 21(3):979–85. doi: 10.1519/00124278-200708000-00054 [
DOI:10.1519/00124278-200708000-00054]
17. Perrott MA, Pizzari T, Opar M, Cook J. Development of clinical rating criteria for tests of lumbopelvic stability. Rehabilitation Research and Practice. Hindawi Limited; 2012; 2012:1–7. doi: 10.1155/2012/803637 [
DOI:10.1155/2012/803637]
18. Waldhelm A, Li L. Endurance tests are the most reliable core stability related measurements. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2012; 1(2):121–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2012.07.007 [
DOI:10.1016/j.jshs.2012.07.007]
19. McGill SM, Childs A, Liebenson C. Endurance times for low back stabilization exercises: Clinical targets for testing and training from a normal database. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1999; 80(8):941–4. doi: 10.1016/s0003-9993(99)90087-4 [
DOI:10.1016/S0003-9993(99)90087-4]
20. Evans K, Refshauge KM, Adams R. Trunk muscle endurance tests: Reliability, and gender differences in athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2007; 10(6):447–55. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2006.09.003 [
DOI:10.1016/j.jsams.2006.09.003]
21. Hauggaard A, Persson AL. Specific spinal stabilisation exercises in patients with low back pain: A systematic review. Physical Therapy Reviews. 2007; 12(3):233–48. doi: 10.1179/108331907x222949 [
DOI:10.1179/108331907X222949]
22. Wang X-Q, Zheng J-J, Yu Z-W, Bi X, Lou S-J, Liu J, et al. A meta-analysis of core stability exercise versus general exercise for chronic low back pain. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7(12):52082. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052082 [
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0052082]
23. Koumantakis GA, Watson PJ, Oldham JA. Trunk muscle stabilization training plus general exercise versus general exercise only: Randomized controlled trial of patients with recurrent low back pain. Physical therapy. 2005; 85(3):209-25. doi: 10.1093/ptj/85.3.209 [
DOI:10.1093/ptj/85.3.209]
24. Shamsi MB, Sarrafzadeh J, Jamshidi A. Comparing core stability and traditional trunk exercise on chronic low back pain patients using three functional lumbopelvic stability tests. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice. 2014; 31(2):89–98. doi: 10.3109/09593985.2014.959144 [
DOI:10.3109/09593985.2014.959144]
25. Mousavi SJ, Parnianpour M, Mehdian H, Montazeri A, Mobini B. The oswestry disability index, the roland-morris disability questionnaire, and the quebec back pain disability scale: Translation and validation studies of the Iranian versions. Spine. 2006; 31(14):454–9. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000222141.61424.f7 [
DOI:10.1097/01.brs.0000222141.61424.f7]
26. O'Sullivan PB, Phyty GDM, Twomey LT, Allison GT. Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine. 1997; 22(24):2959–67. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199712150-00020 [
DOI:10.1097/00007632-199712150-00020]
27. Ferreira ML, Ferreira PH, Latimer J, Herbert RD, Hodges PW, Jennings MD, et al. Comparison of general exercise, motor control exercise and spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low back pain: A randomized trial. Pain. 2007; 131(1):31–7. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.12.008 [
DOI:10.1016/j.pain.2006.12.008]
28. Mills JD, Taunton JE, Mills WA. The effect of a 10-week training regimen on lumbo-pelvic stability and athletic performance in female athletes: A randomized-controlled trial. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2005; 6(2):60–6. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2005.02.006 [
DOI:10.1016/j.ptsp.2005.02.006]
29. Hodges PW. Core stability exercise in chronic low back pain. Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 2003; 34(2):245–54. doi: 10.1016/s0030-5898(03)00003-8 [
DOI:10.1016/S0030-5898(03)00003-8]
30. McGill SM. Low back stability: From formal description to issues for performance and rehabilitation. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 2001; 29(1):26–31. doi: 10.1097/00003677-200101000-00006 [
DOI:10.1097/00003677-200101000-00006]
31. Jull G, Richardson C, Toppenberg R, Comerford M, Bui B. Towards a measurement of active muscle control for lumbar stabilisation. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 1993; 39(3):187–93. doi: 10.1016/s0004-9514(14)60481-5 [
DOI:10.1016/S0004-9514(14)60481-5]
32. França FR, Burke TN, Hanada ES, Marques AP. Segmental stabilization and muscular strengthening in chronic low back pain: A comparative study. Clinics. 2010; 65(10):1013–7. doi: 10.1590/s1807-59322010001000015 [
DOI:10.1590/S1807-59322010001000015]
33. Hodges PW, Pengel LHM, Herbert RD, Gandevia SC. Measurement of muscle contraction with ultrasound imaging. Muscle & Nerve. 2003; 27(6):682–92. doi: 10.1002/mus.10375 [
DOI:10.1002/mus.10375]
34. Richardson C. Therapeutic exercise for spinal segmental stabilization in low back pain: Scientific basis and clinical approach. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1999.
35. Henry SM, Westervelt KC. The use of real-time ultrasound feedback in teaching abdominal hollowing exercises to healthy subjects. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2005; 35(6):338–45. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2005.35.6.338 [
DOI:10.2519/jospt.2005.35.6.338]
36. Teyhen DS, Miltenberger CE, Deiters HM, Del Toro YM, Pulliam JN, Childs JD, et al. The use of ultrasound imaging of the abdominal drawing-in maneuver in subjects with low back pain. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2005; 35(6):346–55. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2005.35.6.346 [
DOI:10.2519/jospt.2005.35.6.346]
، مرتضی صائب2 
