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Volume 8, Issue 2 (7-2007)
Objective: Visual-motor skill is a part of visual perception which can integrate visual processing skills to fine movements. Visual-motor dysfunction is often to cause problems in copying and writing. The purpose of this study is investigation of occupational therapy interventions effect on the visual-motor skill in children with learning disorders.
Materials & Methods: In this interventional and experimental study, 23 students with learning disorders (2nd, 3rd, 4th grade) were selected and they were divided (through Randomized Block Method) into two groups, 11 persons as intervention group and the others as the control group (12 people). Both groups were administered the “Test of Visual-Motor Skills- Revised” (TVMS-R). Then case group received occupational therapy interventions for 16 sessions and two groups were administered by TVMS-R again. Data was analyzed by using paired T-test and independent T-test.
Results: Total mark of TVMS-R demonstrated statistically significant difference in visual-motor skills between case and control groups (P<0/001). This test has 8 categories. Total mark of 1, 3,4,6,8 categories demonstrated that occupational therapy had significant effect on visual analysis skills (P<0/005). Total mark of 2, 5, 7 categories demonstrated that occupational therapy had significant effect on visual-spatial skills (P<0/001).
Conclusion: Occupational therapy interventions had significant effect on the visual-motor skills and its items (visual-spatial, visual analysis, visual-motor integration and eye fixation skills).
Volume 8, Issue 3 (10-2007)
Objective: Cerebral palsy is a nonprogressive disorder in body posture and movement, due to different etiologies. Different medical and rehabilitation interventions include massage have been used in these children. This study has been done to determine the effect of adding massage to occupational therapy on muscle tone of children with spastic cerebral palsy.
Materials & Methods: This study was a double blind clinical trial. The children were recruited from clinics of University of Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences. The individuals were divided to intervention and control groups. The routine rehabilitation techniques were done in 3 months in both groups. The intervention group received massage for 30 minutes before rehabilitation. Muscle tonicity was evaluated at the beginning of the study and 3 months later by Ashworth test. The data analysis was done by parametric (t test, paired t test) and nonparametric (Mann Whitney, Wilcoxon) tests.
Results: Thirteen subjects of case (intervention) group and 14 subjects of control group were studied. The average age in case group and control group was 49.5, and 42.1 months respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in Tonicity of upper and lower limbs, trunk and neck between intervention group and control group (P>0/05).
Conclusion: In general based on the results of this study, adding massage to occupational therapy had no effect on tonicity of spastic cerebral palsied children. Regarding to some effects of massage mentioned in different articles on physical abilities of children with C.P. as well as executive limitations in this research, it is not possible to reject the effects of homeopathy on physical abilities of children with C.P.
Volume 10, Issue 2 (7-2009)
Objective: Schizophrenia generally has cognitive impairments. So, cognitive impairments can affect whole life's aspects, cognitive assessment helps develop treatment planning and obtain independency in Occupational performance areas. The goal of this study is supporting construct validity of the Iranian version of Lowenstein Occupational Therapy cognitive assessment (LOTCA) through comparison of cognition among schizophrenic patients and general population.
Materials & Methods: This is a validity testing study that was performed on 737 person (237- patient & 500- general population `) in 20-60 age by comparative method. Samples were selected randomly accordance to research criteria. The tool was Lotca that asses six cognitive areas. Data gathered through demographic questionnaire and Lotca's scoring sheet and analyzed by Spearman correlation coefficient, Leven and Independent T-tests.
Results: There was significant different in cognitive performance between schizophrenic patients and normal population in all subtests of LOTCA (P>0.001). Comparison of cognitive performance of inpatients and outpatients showed significant difference in orientation, visual perception, visu-motor organization, thinking operations attention and concentration (P>0.001). In females thinking operations (P=0.033) and attention and concentration (P=0.007) was higher than males. The mean scores of subscales in employed person significantly were higher than unemployed persons (P>0.001). Subscales scores has reduced with increasing of age. Married persons showed higher orientation (P=0.033). Also there was significant difference between level of education and desirability of seven subscales (P>0.001).
Conclusion: Results supports and confirms the construct validity of Lowenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA) for cognitive status evaluation of schizophrenic patients
Volume 11, Issue 1 (4-2010)
Objective: Quality of life has recently been recognized as an important goal of health care in psychiatry. In this study quality of life of chronic psychiatric patients was evaluated after psychosocial occupational therapy interventions.
Materials & Methods: This study is interventional and quasi experimental. Twoenty four chronic mental patients who had refered to SINA Daily Center as intervention group and fifty chronic mental patients as control group were selected by simle and convenient sampling. The instrument was Wisconsin Quality of Life Client Questionnaire that included 8 subscales. Occupational therapy services consisting group therapy, activity therapy and art therapy, according to center’ plane, were performed during 3 months (2 times in week, 90 minutes in each session) for intervention group. Independent T test & Paired T test were used for data analysis.
Results: There was no significant difference between two groups in parts of QOL before intervention, but after intervention, significant differences were observed in mean scores of satisfaction level, occupational activities, psychological well–being, physical health and total quality o life (P<0.001), also social relation (P=0.005) and economic situation (P=0.003).There was no significant difference between two group in symptoms (P=0.277) and activity of daily living (P=0.020) after intervention.
Conclusion: Psychosocial occupational therapy services are effective on satisfaction level and quality of life of chronic psychiatric patients.
Volume 11, Issue 1 (4-2010)
This is a case report. In this essay, a 4years old boy with "Hydrocephalus and Autism" is presented, who referred to an occupational therapy clinic by a psychiatrist and received occupational therapy interventions. Hydrocephalus together with Autism had caused to severe cognitive, perceptual, motor, communicative and self care problems. Occupational therapy goals were facilitation of development in different areas and making adaptive behavior.finally, his difficulties and dysfunctions decreased noticeably : his eye contact was improved seriously , he could keep almost good communication with his family , hyperactivity and aggressive behaviors are decreased, he could draw simple paintings, could run and ride tricycle. By continued rehabilitation interventions, ultimately he could begin studying in one of Tehran normal state schools. The last following up showed that he could passed fifth level of elementary successfully ( with average, 17 ), and now is ready to go to the guidance school. Results of this study show the importance of careful and all-around evaluation of hydrocephalus children, careful combination of therapeutic interventions, cooperation and coordination of all rehabilitation team members, continued following up clients even after discharge, and attracting active cooperation of child parents in occupational therapy successful process.
Volume 11, Issue 4 (1-2011)
Objective: Chronic regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is one of the most important and worst types of peripheral nervous system, especially in upper extremity. The aim of this study was determination of the effect of a combined rehabilitation program in the treatment of patients with CRPS type I.
Materials & Methods: In this quasi-experimental and before-after study, 20 patients with chronic regional pain syndrome were selected simply and their pain, range of motion, edema and muscular strength were examined and recorded before intervention. Then, patients under went a combined treatment programs included some modalities from physical and occupation therapy. Patients attended at clinic for 20 therapeutic sessions with one day intervals. Finally, data were analyzed using paired–t test.
Results: Post operatively, pain and edema were decreased and range of motion and grip strength was increased significantly (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Current study demonstrated that early and combined physical and occupational therapy efficient in the treatment of patients suffering from CRPS type I. This combined program can relieve pain and edema and increase ROM and grip strength.
Volume 12, Issue 4 (1-2012)
Objective: Improvement in job is directly related to recognition of the experience and viewpoints of those working in the field. This research was designed to find out the job, educational and clinical experience of the occupational therapists.
Materials & Methods: This study is a qualitative research using content analysis. Data collection was done via in-depth semi -structured interviews with 15 occupational therapists working in the rehabilitation clinics in Tehran in 2009. To analyze the data, content analysis and inductive analysis were used...
Results: First, we obtained 170 key codes from data analysis .These key codes were categorized into 5 themes including ”community's attitude toward occupational therapy’s”, ”job dissatisfaction”, “a new and creative sight into occupational therapy”, “occupational therapy inappropriate educational system” and “the nature of the occupational therapy”. The themes obtained from the occupational therapists’ experience showed that how the other members of rehabilitation team, patients and patients’ family look at occupational therapy and can directly affect the occupational therapists’ job satisfaction, positive experience and sense of worth.
Conclusion: Experience of occupational therapists in their job is directly related to their patients ‘and coworkers’ ideas about their sense of worth this view passes to the occupational therapist directly and indirectly. It can affect the occupational therapists’ attitudes, satisfaction and job experience. Instructors and mentors of occupational therapy students can contribute to positive experience and satisfaction of the students from occupational therapy.
Volume 13, Issue 0 (3-2013)
Today, there are several interpretations by therapists about the concept, implementation, and training aspects of handling of children with cerebral palsy (CP). This has created conflicts and differences in teaching handling for parents and caregivers. Moreover, handling is not clearly defined in the theoretical frameworks underlying occupational therapy (OT). Therefore, the main aim of this study was to provide an overview on handling in the children with CP.
This study was a two- stage review of the national and international databases between 1990 and 2012. Out of the 2657 articles Obtained, we have studied 50 relevant full texts related to the topic. Based on the exploration articles and documents, There are several different definitions about handling. It seems that, handling is a special care of children with CP in the occupational performance area and in the domains of self-care, mobility, and social function. Doing proper handling activities, not only is essential to improve the child health but also for parents. All sections of handling are placed on the activity and participation domain of ICF-CY in the domestic life chapter. Although, handling is the main component in the OT, there is no precise and comprehensive definition of the concept yet, and activities related to the handling and its position in the OT has not been clarified.
Volume 13, Issue 4 (1-2013)
Objective: Cerebral palsy is one of the most common causes of physical disability in childhood that leads to various difficulties and reduces the level of independence and participation in activities of daily living. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Occupational Therapy Home Program on activities of daily living of 5–12 year-old children.
Materials & Methods: In this clinical trial, 48 children were selected and randomly divided into the intervention and control groups. Common practices of occupational therapy were applied for a period of 4 months for both groups. In addition, the intervention group received the Occupational Therapy Home Program in the form of workshops and educational pamphlets with telephone follow-ups. The Activities Scale for Kids (ASK) was used to assess activities of daily living, and independent t-test, chi-square test, Fisher exact test and covariance analysis were used to analyze the results.
Results: There was significant difference in activities of daily living between the two groups (P=0.001). There were significant differences in all subtests of the activities of daily living (P<0.05), except the play subtest (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Occupational Therapy Home Program increased activities of daily living of children with cerebral palsy and can be considered useful in addition to common occupational therapy programs.
Volume 14, Issue 4 (1-2014)
Objective: Occupational therapists working at mental health areas face more issues as compared to their colleagues working in other fields. The present study is aimed at exploring the experiences of the occupational therapists who envisage ethical issues in psycho-social rehabilitation.
Materials & Methods: The present study is a 'qualitative study' in which 'content analysis' has been conducted. A 'purposive sample' consisting of twenty volunteer occupational therapists who work at mental health centers were selected. The participant’s ages ranged from 24 to 45(with average 34) years. The shortest and longest work’s experiences of the participants were one year and twenty years respectively. The participants discussed the major problems they had experienced in dealing with mentally ill people through focus group discussion (five sessions). Having the objective of the study in mind, the ethical issues were then extracted.
Results: The most important ethical issue in dealing with mentally ill patient, as stated by the participants, was the therapist's insufficient knowledge of communicating and of employing the therapeutic services. The codes extracted from this study were grouped into four main categories, namely 'compatibility of therapy with the patient's characteristics', well-being of the patients and quality of services', 'compatibility of plans with the patients' condition' and finally 'the procedure of referring the patients for occupational therapy'.
Conclusion: The findings of the study suggest that the occupational therapists working in the field of mental health care are encountered by many ethical issues and it is imperative for the occupational therapists to upgrade their knowledge and awareness in various fields in order to settle and overcome the foregoing ethical issues. Exposing these issues and sharing them with other professionals in an attempt to explore successful and safe approaches towards improving the rehabilitation of the mentally ill people is essential as well.
Volume 15, Issue 3 (10-2014)
Objective: Inadequate processing of sensory information especially vestibular leads to typical behaviors in attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) children which manifested as inattentive behaviors. In this research we aimed to study the effects of vestibular stimulation on visual attention in 7-12 year old ADHD children, using IVA-PLUS-CPT (Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test).
Materials & Methods: Thirty Children diagnosed as ADHD (7-12 year old), which were right handed and have had normal IQ based on Wechsler test participated in this research following their consent and divided randomly in the intervention and control groups. All participants were assessed using IVA-PLUS-CPT, then the intervention group participated in normal occupational therapy activities plus vestibular stimulation while the control group were recruited only in normal occupational therapy activities. Intervention continued for 10 sessions, twice a week for 5 weeks. At the end, all participants were evaluated again using IVA-PLUS-CPT. The collected date was analyzed using SPSS software version 16 and differences in pre and post test were comprised between the two groups using independent T-Test.
Results: Vestibular stimulation leaded to significantly differences in, visual attention, impulse (P<0.05) but visual impulse control did not show significant differences amongst the two groups.
Conclusion: Vestibular stimulation can affect meaningfully visual attention in ADHD children. So it can be used as a therapeutic technique in treating these children.
Volume 16, Issue 2 (7-2015)
Objective: This study aimed to analyze the concept of occupational therapy handling in the children with cerebral palsy from the perspective of occupational therapy instructors and clinicians in Iran.
Materials & Methods: In this qualitative study, using hybrid model to clarify the concept of handling through three phases. For the theoretical phase, attributes of handling were recognized through a review of the literature (until February 2014), and six in-depth semi - structured interviews, two observations and one panel of experts were conducted for the fieldwork to develop attributes from the data and to verify those identified from the literature review. In the third phase attributes and final analysis of handling were extracted from the first and second phase.
Results: The results were classified in five main categories that were identified as: (1) care of child, (2) management of treatment, (3) manual techniques, (4) education of activities of daily living (ADL), and (5) lifting and carrying. Core attributes of handling include "control, safety, transfer and positioning".
Conclusion: It seems that the results of this study may help in clarifying the concept of handling in children with CP. In addition, by identifying the process, barriers and facilitative factors, and the concept of handling, occupational therapy instructors and therapists will be able to design and run their educational activities based on scientific findings which can provide them with the necessary conditions for education, learning and proper execution of handling in occupational therapy.
Volume 16, Issue 2 (7-2015)
Objective: Occupation has been used as an essential core of therapy in Occupational therapy (OT) paradigm from its beginning. Besides primary emphasis of OT pioneers the OT practitioners do not care about using it yet. So, this study was aimed to explore the current method of delivering occupational therapy services among Iranian occupational therapists.
Materials & Methods: The qualitative conventional content analysis with purposeful sampling was used in this study. 14 occupational therapists participated in this study. Semi structured interviews were used for data gathering. The data gathering continued until reaching data saturation. The interviews were analyzed through constant comparative analysis using MAXQDA 2007 software.
Results: The interviews analysis revealed 66 codes that resulted to six sub themes and three themes including: Occupation based OT (occupation based assessment and planning –hard working circumstances for occupation based therapists), technique based OT (inattention to occupation based practice- top down approach to assessment and planning-inattention to client-centered practice) and combined occupation and techniques based OT (assessment and planning with combined approach).
Conclusion: It seems that the Iranian occupational therapists have deviated from their philosophical paradigm (occupation based practice) and tended to technique based OT. Lots of possible reasons such as contextual barriers , in accepting from clients' perspective and educational challenges are considered in this issue. However, the policy makers ought to plan and supervise to solve these challenges to facilitate implementing occupation based practice.
Volume 19, Issue 2 (7-2018)
Materials & Methods A non-experimental and methodological study was carried out in Tehran in 2017; the study population included adult patients diagnosed with severe psychiatric disorders according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). In this study, demographic questionnaire and BaFPE test were used. Convenience Sampling was done on patients who were admitted to Razi Psychiatric Hospital. In order to prepare the Persian version, the translation of the BaFPE-TOA test was carried out in accordance with the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) project, which included: 1. Translation of the original version into Persian; 2. Review by translators and professors; 3. Translation quality; 4. Translation of the Persian version into English; and 5. Comparison of the English version with the original version. The Persian version was assigned to five experts to evaluate the content validity in terms of simplicity, relevance, clarity, and necessity. The face validity of the test was performed on three patients and two healthy individuals in order to find difficulties in the understanding of words and phrases, the appropriateness of the items, the likelihood of ambiguity and inadequate perceptions of expressions or the lack of meaning in words. After confirmation, a Persian version of the test was performed on 55 patients with severe psychiatric disorders who qualified the inclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria for this study included: 1. People with psychiatric disorders based on DSM-5 and are listed in the medical records by a psychiatrist; 2. Over 18 years old; 3. Complete consent to enter the study; 4. Aability to write and read; 5. Lack of comorbidity (mental retardation, drug abuse); 6. Lack of physical constraints affecting the performance of specified tasks; 7 Lack of visual impairment or severe hearing loss. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to evaluate the internal consistency with respect to the four options of the test. Data analysis was performed using SPSS v.16 software.
Results Experts’ opinions about the quality of translation and replacement of words in the translation process were according to the IQOLA method. The face validity of the test according to the experts’ opinion and its association with healthy subjects and patients showed that the clarity and implementation of common language were of good quality. The content validity of the test was performed according to the opinion of the five experts in mental health; the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and the Content Validity Index (CVI), were equal to one for all domains. The minimum acceptable value for content validity based on CVI and CVR indices was 0.80 and 0.99, respectively, which indicated validity of the content and the lack of impact of culture on the parameters, tasks, and components of the BaFPE-TOA test. The results of the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for all fields was related to the twelve functional parameters, the three components, and the five tasks; the efficiency parameter was above 0.7 (the minimum acceptable value), indicative of the good internal reliability of this test.
Conclusion According to the experts’ opinion, the Persian version of the BaFPE-TOA test has a proper translation, with acceptable face and content validity and internal consistency. Therefore, this test can be recommended for the evaluation of functional performance in patients with severe psychiatric disorders.
Volume 20, Issue 2 (7-2019)
Materials & Methods This was a non-experimental methodological study. The statistical population of the study consisted of all children with autism in Tehran City, Iran. Among them, 100 parents of children with autism referring to autism centers and private clinics in Tehran were selected by the convenience sampling method; they were entered into the study, according to the inclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria were the diagnosis of autism by a child psychiatrist, based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V), the age of 3-11 years, and the absence of blindness, deafness, epilepsy, and other disabilities in the child. Moreover, the subjects with no desire to cooperate or uncompleted the questionnaires were excluded from the study. The required data were collected using demographic information questionnaire and FTRI completed by parents. After obtaining the permission of the designer of the questionnaire for translation and the investigation of its psychometric properties, the questionnaire was translated according to the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) project. The face validity and content validity of the questionnaire were evaluated using experts and parents’ opinions; then, a preliminary test was conducted in which the questionnaire was completed by 10 parents of children with autism to determine the appropriate time to complete the questionnaire. Consequently, 100 parents of children with autism completed the demographic information questionnaire and FTRI. Furthermore, to determine the test-retest reliability, after 2 weeks, 33 parents of children with autism re-completed the questionnaire. To examine the face validity, item impact score was calculated. To assess the content validity, Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) was used. Internal Consistency Coefficient (ICC) was used for assessing the test-retest reliability of the scale. Moreover, the internal consistency of the whole questionnaire and its subscales was assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient.
Results Item impact score for all items of the questionnaire was over 1.5. The CVR for each item of the questionnaire was between 0.8 and 1 and for the whole questionnaire was equal to 0.87. The CVI for the items of the questionnaire was between 0.83 and 1 and for the whole questionnaire was equal to 0.97. Additionally, the intraclass correlation coefficient for the total score was equal to 0.96 and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.88. Moreover, the lowest Cronbach's alpha coefficient related to the subscale of child routines (0.70) and the highest related to the subscale relative's connection routines (0.86).
Conclusion The obtained results indicated that FTRI has acceptable validity and reliability in the Iranian samples and can be a useful research and clinical tool for assessing the family routines.
Volume 21, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Materials & Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, the study population consisted of children aged 7-10 years with visual impairment (blind or with low vision) studying in three schools of Narjes (Girls’ school), Shaid Mohebbi, and Shahid Khazaeli (Boys’ schools) in Tehran City, Iran in 2018 (n=140). Of these children, 24 who had met inclusion criteria were selected and randomly assigned into two intervention (n=12) and control (n=12) groups. The perceptual-motor program was designed based on Johnstone and Ramon’s method and validated by a panel of experts that included four members of the Department of Occupational Therapy, the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, and one optometrist from the Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences. The intervention group received the perceptual-motor program for two months, three 45-min sessions per week (24 sessions in total). The gross motor skills of both groups were measured by the second edition of Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC-2) test (aiming/catching and balance subscales) and the second edition of Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2) (locomotor and object control subscales) in three stages: Pre-test, post-test, and 1-month follow-up. Data analysis was performed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, Mann-Whitney U test, Friedman test, Bonferroni test, and generalized estimating equation in SPSS v. 22. The significance level was set at 0.05.
Results: The mean±SD ages of children in the intervention and control groups were 9.2±1.1 and 8.3±1.2 years, respectively. The mean±SD scores of aiming/catching skill in the intervention group reached from 4.17±2.82 in the Pre-test phase to 11.17±1.95 in the post-test and 10.92±1.62 in the follow-up phases. In the control group, the mean±SD scores were 3.83±2.79 in the Pre-test, 4.25±3.08 in the post-test, and 4.67±2.93 in the follow-up. The mean±SD scores of the balance skill increased from 6.25±2.42 in the Pre-test to 10±2.13 in the post-test and 9.92±2.19 in the follow-up phase. In the control group, the scores were 3.50±3.09) in the Pre-test, 3.83±3.46) in the post-test, and 4±3.36) in the follow-up phase. The mean±SD score of the locomotor skill was 40.92±9.34 in the Pre-test, 47.58±1.17 in the post-test, and 47.42±1.08 in the follow-up phase. In the control group, these scores increased from 35.83±12.92 in the Pre-test to 36.83±13.17 and 37.67±13.24 in the post-test and follow-up phases, respectively. The mean±SD scores of object control skill increased from 32.50±14.74 in the Pre-test to 47.50±1.24 in the post-test and 47.66±1.15 in the follow-up, while in the control group, the scores were 29.25±12.93 in the Pre-test, and 30.17±12.89 and 30.08±13.34 in the post-test and follow-up phases. The aiming/catching, balance, and object control skills of children were significantly improved after the intervention (P<0.05), and continued after one month. In contrast, the locomotor skill was not improved after the intervention (P>0.05).
Conclusion: The perceptual-motor interventional program can be useful in promoting the gross motor skills of children with visual impairment. It is suggested that this program be used in other studies on visually-impaired children.
Volume 22, Issue 4 (1-2022)
Objective Moral distress may occur when people are unable to follow professional standards and ethical values in their profession. It is a significant issue in the healthcare profession and has negative consequences. In addition, there is a concern that it may adversely affect clinical performance and, in some cases, patient outcomes. Based on the evidence, occupational therapists experience moral distress, Therefore, there is a need for a tool that enables researchers to identify the extent of moral distress in each individual and to measure the effectiveness of strategies designed to reduce distress and prevent employee burnout. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the face and content validity of the Moral Distress Questionnaire in occupational therapists.
Materials & Methods This psychometric study was performed in two stages. The first stage involved preparing a pool of questionnaire items, and the second stage examined the face and content validity of the questionnaire. First, texts and related studies were reviewed to extract the questionnaire items. Searching various databases was done to find any conditions that create moral distress in occupational therapy. Three qualitative studies conducted in the field of ethical issues of occupational therapists in the field of psychiatry, children and adults were fully studied. The codes extracted from these studies and the quotations of the interviewees were read. Then the questionnaire items were extracted from the codes, sentences and phrases of the studies. The items were read several times and edited in terms of content clarity, grammar and concept comprehension, and duplicate topics were removed. After preparing the pool of items for the preliminary questionnaire, the scientific stages of face and content validity of the questionnaire were completed. The face validity of the questionnaire was measured qualitatively and quantitatively by 30 occupational therapists who were selected by available sampling from clinics, hospitals and public and private centers. Inclusion criteria were at least one year of work experience in various fields of occupational therapy. Quantitative face validity was performed by determining the impact score of the item. In order to perform qualitative content validity, experts in the field of teaching ethics in occupational therapy and familiar with tool development were invited to review the questionnaire and exchange views in a face-to-face meeting. Seven people participated in the panel of experts. Participants were told that the tool would be an Evaluative tool designed to assess the extent of moral distress among occupational therapists working in clinical settings. After carefully studying the tool, they were asked to consider and comment on the four criteria of clarity, simplicity, transparency, and relevance of items to moral distress. To assess the quantitative content validity of the questionnaire, 20 occupational therapists with doctoral degrees were asked to complete the relevant forms for assessing Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI).
Results After reviewing the texts and related studies and analyzing the findings and concepts, a preliminary questionnaire with 50 items was extracted. The items of the questionnaire reached 22 items after completing qualitative and quantitative face and content validity. The impact score of the item was between 2.85 to 4.83. The CVR was in the acceptable range of 0.5 to 1 with an average of 0.7. The CVI of the questionnaire was 0.93.
Conclusion The Moral Distress Questionnaire in Occupational Therapists with 22 items on a four-point scoring scale has appropriate content validity and can be used to measure moral distress in occupational therapists after completing the validity and reliability steps.
Volume 23, Issue 4 (1-2023)
Materials & Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study, and sampling was done by available sampling. The target population was patients with MS admitted to the MS center of Isfahan City, Iran, provided that they met the inclusion criteria in the winter of 2021. Forty-five patients with MS (9 males and 36 females) with an expanded disability status scale between 1 and 5 were selected by available sampling. To assess their cognitive performance, Cambridge neuropsychological test automated battery (CANTAB) and the Lowenstein occupational therapy cognitive assessment (LOCTA) functional test were used. Also, the community integration questionnaire (CIQ) was used to determine the level of participation. The data were then processed with SPSS.
Results: Based on the study results on the intensity and relationship between the measures, there is integration in targeted activities with all measures of LOTCA and CANTAB. This measure had a significant relationship with orientation, visual perception, and motor praxis from the LOTCA test and Delayed matching to sample test (DMS) from the CANTAB test. Notable results include a high correlation between home integration of the CIQ and the stocking of Cambridge test from CANTAB (r=0.353), and social integration of the CIQ with the DMS from CANTAB (r=0.538), integration in purposeful and productive activities of the CIQ with the motor proxy from LOTCA (r=0.422).
Conclusion: According to the results, both tests have a high correlation with the CIQ. So, computer test, which has a good correlation with participation, can be used alongside the performance test.
Volume 24, Issue 3 (9-2023)
Materials & Methods The number of 46 studies using the keywords occupational therapy, Muslims and Islamic culture were initially selected until 2022 and the articles that were unrelated to occupational therapy and were not about Islam and Islamic culture were removed which finally reduced to 20 studies and then, they were subjected to qualitative analysis.
Results The analysis of extractive studies has led to the emergence of different themes and categories, the theme of positive points has categories (importance of united family structure), (importance of religion in helping clients), (importance of pray as a purposeful activity) and theme challenges have categories (traditional treatments without clinical evidence), (importance of respecting the principle of Mahram in interpersonal communication), (specific beliefs in the cause of illness), (restrictions on praying), (cultural and local challenges), (hesitation in accepting occupational therapy philosophy).
Conclusion In fact, Islam, with its influence on the family structure and the creation of positive beliefs and beliefs among the society, has been able to facilitate the process of occupational therapy and rehabilitation of clients to a great extent, but in the context of Islamic culture, there are many obstacles that unfortunately cause limitations. They are in interpersonal communication and acceptance of occupational therapy philosophy. Occupational therapists can use the opportunities to improve the client's performance, and in order to solve the challenges, it is necessary to do a lot of research to provide the necessary solutions.
Volume 25, Issue 1 (4-2024)
Materials & Methods This is a scoping review study. Research studies and indexed in scientific databases including were available in PubMed/Web of Science/Scopus or retrieved by Google Scholar search engine were searched and reviewed. Inclusion criteria included the report of studies in English and Persian papers published from 2000 to 2023 that were mainly focused and the main subject of early rehabilitation intervention studies (occupational therapy and physiotherapy) on the development of neuromotor skills of preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. After selecting the keywords and organized search, the found articles were matched with the entry criteria and finally considered studies were selected.
Results Among the reviewed studies, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. Among the available studies, 7 studies related to multi-modal interventions and 2 studies related to multi-sensory intervention .2 studies related to neuro-developmental interventions. 2 studies related to interventions implemented by parents –administered. 2 studies related to interventions supporting play exploration and early developmental intervention.
Conclusion Based on the findings of this research and the meetings held with experts in this field, we were able to organize early rehabilitation interventions for motor skills of preterm infants in 4 groups: 1) multimodal and multisensory interventions 2) neurodevelopmental interventions 3) parents-administered interventions 4) supporting play exploration and early developmental intervention to categorize. In this way, all types of therapeutic interventions in improving motor skills of infants were identified. Most of the studies included interventions that were performed in a short period of time and reported short-term effects on motor improvement. Only the supportive play exploration intervention continued after discharge and bridged the gap of early NICU-to-home interventions and reported improved motor development in the short- and long-term (6, 12 months).
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