Adaptive behavior is defined as the manner in which people cope with the natural and social demands of their environments. Impairments in adaptive behavior are described as significant limitations in an individual's effectiveness in meeting the standards of maturation, learning, personal independence, and/or social responsibility that are expected for one's age level and cultural group, as determined by clinical assessment, and usually, standardized scales. The definitions of adaptive deficiencies imply an individual's ability to cope with demands of his or her environment. Some scholars support this notion when describing adaptive behavior's relationship to mental retardation. Despite the fact that adaptive behavior scales are the necessary tools in diagnosing training: treatment. Rehabilitation of people (Particularly with developmental disorders) and the assessment of programs, those are not available to professionals. This article tries to explain the necessity of producing/normalizing such scales, and introduces one of the most famous scales named as "Adaptive Behavior Scale-Residential and Community".

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the motor skills differences between girls and boys (aged 7) in Tehran in 2004.

Materials & Methods: This research was analytical descriptive The subjects were 120 children includes 60 girls and 60 boys. those were selected by simple random sampling at the first grade of primary School. Each subject was individually assessed by Lincoln Oseretsky motor developmental scale.

Results: The findings of this research after data analysis by spss soft ware and sample t Test indicated that: There is not any significant differences between total score of motor skills, total balance score, static and dynamic balance with open eyes, bilateral motor coordination, upper limbs coordination, upper and lower limbs coordination, velocity and dexterity of hand movements in boys and girls (P>0/005). The only Significant differences between boys and girls motor skills is eye hand coordination (P<0/03).

Conclusion: The findings of this research is used to better planning and defining the theraputic and educational programs in the field of motor development.

Objective: Attitude modification is a known way in substance abuse prevention. in order to assessment of adolescents, attitude toward addiction, addict and drugs, and evaluation of their changes caused by preventive interventions , a scale was designed and its psychometric characteristics were evaluated.

Materials & Methods: This study performed as an analytical design into two stages: items supplementation and experimental performance. Eighty students (aged 11-16 years old) were studied. They were classified into criterion (38 students) and control (36 students) group on the basis of their or not usage of drugs.

 Results: Comparison of two groups (criterion and control) who answered the scale indicated that 52 items had good validity. After evaluation of inter consistency of the scale, 43 items were remained which differentiated adolescent with positive or negative attitude toward addiction, in cut off point 95. At this point sensitivity and specificity were 93.1 and 96.3, respectively.

Conclusion: In this study the scale of adolescent attitude toward addiction was designed with results indicating that scale has a good psychometrics characteristic in Iranian adolescent population.

Objective: Assessment of balance in children with neurological disorders is quite necessary in any rehabilitation therapy. There are various versions of balance tests for balance assessment of adults however, little has been done with regard to introducing a reliable test for evaluation of the balance in children with spastic cerebral palsy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the inter and intrarater reliability of Berg balance scale in children with spastic diplegia.

Materials & Methods: In this descriptive and methodological study twenty spastic diplegia children with non probability selection participated. Children were in the range of 6-12 Yrs (Mean, SD, 7/35 &1/84 yrs, respectively). Parents were asked to sign an informed consent. Berg balance scale was tested in one session by two therapists for interrater reliability (inter-rating) and repeated tests were tested for intrarater reliability (intra-rating).

Results: Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) test was used for interrater (between two therapists, ICC= 0/985, P<0/001 and intra rater reliability repeated test by the same therapist, ICC= 0/994 , P<0/001 ).

Conclusion: The result of this study suggests that inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of Berg balance scale is acceptable. Therefore, it could be used in clinic for the assessment of children with spastic diplegia as a reliable scale.

Objective: SNAP-IV rating scale to diagnosis Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) developed by Swanson, Nolan and Pelham. The aim of this study is determination of psychometrics specifications of this scale.

Materials & Methods: This Descriptive research is a methodological, applied and validity assessment study. One thousand students at 7 to 12 age of primary school in Tehran city were selected by cluster sampling. Then the students mothers was asked to complete rating scale to consider behavior of their children.30 staff members of sample group were retest after one mounts. Diagnostic interview was administered at 36 members of sample group. Data were analyzed by using pearsonian correlation coefficient, Kolmogorof – Smirnoff and Behrens – Fisher T test.

Results: Criterion validity was 48%, factor analysis was detected 3 factors that explain 56% of the total variance. Reliability coefficient was 82% . internal consistency coefficient was 90% and split –half coefficient was 76%, Cut-off point in scale and subscales was 1.57,1.47 and 1.9 respectively.

Conclusion: The SNAP-IV Rating scales have fit psychometrics specifications. Therefore, it is useable in various diagnostic and therapeutic conditioning.

Objective: Spasticity is one component of the upper motor neurone syndrome, which is characterised by a velocity dependent increase in the tonic stretch reflexes. This study aimed at investigating the interrater reliability of the Modified Tardieu Scale in the assessment of muscle spasticity in stroke patients.

Materials & Methods: In this analytical and validity testing study 30 patients with spastic hemiplegia were selected by simple sampling from clients of central nervous system disorders clinic of Tehran University of medical sciences. The two muscle groups in affected upper limb were tested using a standardized procedure. These were elbow flexors and extensors. Assessment was done by the two occupational therapists during the same session. The order of assessment and the sequence of muscle testing by the two raters were random. The interrater reliability was calculated for the different subsales of Modified Tardieu. The reliability was tested with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). For the Modified Tardieu Scale scores, the Cohen’s Kappa test was used to analyze the level of agreement between the raters. 

Results: The values of ICC for both muscle groups were high. The ICC for R2-R1 as main outcome measure for determination of spasticity severity was 0.99 and 0.95 in the flexors and extensors, respectively. The Kappa values in muscles reaction quality were 0.88 in flexors and 0.89 in Extensors.

Conclusion: The Modified Tardieu Scale provides high interrater reliability in the assessment of muscle spasticity after stroke.

Objective: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common psychiatric disorders of childhood and adolescence. Psychosocial interventions such as group parent management training are needed, for children's behaviors and parent – child interaction. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of group parent management training on behavioral disorders among children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
Materials & Methods: In this interventional and quasi experimental study, fifty four children with ADHD were selected from seven mental occupational therapy clinics of Tehran city.They were assigned into two Equal groups and all of them received routine occupational therapy and medication. Parent management training program by using positive parenting program (triple p) manual (Sanders 2005) was added to the Intervention Group program. These sessions lasted 2 hours a week for 8 weeks. Data collection tools were 2 questionnaires: Demographic questionnaire and Conners Parent Rating Scale (CPRS 48). Statistical snalysis of data was done by chi square ,Independent T test, Paired T test and analysis of covariance.
Results: Although both groups showed significant improvement in all subscales of behavioral questionnaire (CPRS) pretest, improvement of intervention group score was more significantly than control group in conduct subscale (P<0.001), anxiety (P<0.001), hyperactivity index (P=0.016) and total score (P<0.001). But in psychosomatic subscale (P=0.526 ), learning subscale (P=0.052) and impulsion and hyperactivity subscale (P=0.267) there was no significant difference between two groups.
Conclusion: Group parent management training is significantly effective in decreasing behavioral disorders and anxiety status of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and this psychosocial intervention could be used as an effective complementary method beside medication and occupational therapy programs.

Objective: Gross motor activities ability or disability influence on children cognitive performance and their social behavior. This study is aimed to investigation the effect of gross motor activities on attention process (sustained attention, attention shift) of boy students with Down syndrome who are 8 – 12 years old.
Materials & Methods: In this interventional and experimental study, 26 boy students with Down syndrome from 4 schools (Shahid Beheshti, Ahya, Peydayesh and Piroozi) were selected and administered by attention tests(sustained attention , attention shift) and Lincoln Oseretsky development scale. Then they were assigned into two groups randomly. Intervention group received gross motor activities programs for 8 weeks (2 times in a week). Then two groups were administered by attention tests and Lincoln Oseretsky development scale again. Data were analyzed by using paired T-test and Independent T- test.
Results: There was no significant difference in control group in attention tests between before and after intervention (sustained attention P=0.654, attention shift P=0.163) and Oseretsky development scale (P=0.337), but significant differences were observed in intervention group (P<0.001). Score of decreasing interruption of task revealed that there were significant differences in intervention (P<0.001) and control group (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Gross motor activities interventions significantly affect on the process of attention (sustained attention , shift attention) in students with Down syndrome.

Objective: The aims of this study were to develop a culturally adapted version of the Fatigue Severity Scale in Persian (FSS–P) and to evaluate the reliability of the FSS–P in a sample of Iranians with Multiple Sclerosis.

Materials & Methods: In this non experimental and descriptive study which was done methodologically by validity testing method, “fatigue severity scale–Persian version” was developed following a forward – backward translation procedure and cultural adaptation based on guidelines. A sample of 20 patients with Multiple Sclerosis were selected conveniently. The participants were recruited from Sina rehabilitation clinic in Tehran between 2001 to 2007. The participants were asked to answer FSS item and VAS. The FSS and VAS were readministered 3 weeks after the first visit. Test–retest reliability and internal consistency were assessed, using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient and Cronbach’s alpha, respectively.

Results: All the participants found the FSS–P item to be clear and unambiguous in a pilot testing. The ICC was reported 0.93 for the total score that showed high repeatability of (FSS) and the Cronbach’s alpha was reported 0.96.
Conclusion: The Persian version of Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) is a culturally adapted and reliable instrument to assess fatigue in Iranian persons with Multiple Sclerosis.

Objective: One of the main factor sinfluencing chronicity and disability in low back pain is pain related fear and fear of movement. It was shown that fear of pain is more disabling than the pain itself. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia – Iranian version (TSK-IV) which is one of the most common instruments for measuring fear of movement and reinjury.

Materials & Methods: In this descriptive and methodologic study which is a tool making and validity testing research, 232 low back pain patients were selected simply from some hospitals and clinics in Tehran. Among these patients 61 patients, participated for retest after seven days. To evaluate psychometric properties of TSK–IV, internal consistency, item-total correlation, test-retest reliability and construct validity were measured. The tools which were used included TSK to measure fear of movement, VAS for measuring pain intensity, Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaires (FABQ) for measuring the physical activity and work related fear and Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RDQ) to measure perceived disability were used.

Results: TSK-Iranian version yielded acceptable values for internal consistency. Cronbach’s Alpha was 0.796 in 17 items of TSK. Item-total correlation was in acceptable range except for four items. ICC between the first test and retest was 0.86. There was a moderate correlation between TSK and FABQ-PA and FABQ-W respectively 0.59 and 0.32. TSK and disability measure using RMDQ correlated (r=0.60) moderately.

Conclusion: The Iranian version of TSK is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring fear of movement and injury in low back pain patients, similarly to its original English version. This instrument can be used in clinical environment and also for research purposes

Objective : The evaluation of the quality of motor abilities by the means of a standard instrument is important diagnostic parameter which leads to discovery of probable disabilities and developmental delay in childhood. Hence, to achieve a standard complete tool for measuring of indigenous children motor abilities by way of standardization of Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS) was the aim of this study.

Materials & Methods : In this descriptive study 150 normal children aged 60 - 71 months with identical gender distribution were selected by multiple cluster sampling among kindergartens of 6 urban districts of Shiraz and their gross and fine motor abilities were evaluated by PDMS. Reliability and validity of PDMS was examined initially. Afterwards, in order to standard the scale according to study population motor abilities, the raw scores which result of the evaluation of motor performance, transformed to standard scores.

Results: High correlation coefficients proved that PDMS was reliable and valid. With reference to the reliability, as a case in point, Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) repeated test by the same therapist was 0.987 for gross motor scale and 0.971 for fine motor scale. Compiling the standardized tables by transforming raw scores to standard scores are the other significant findings of the study.

Conclusion: Clinicians and therapists could utilize PDMS as a standard and accurate device for examining motor characteristics of 60 - 71 months children. And, they can make a correct decision by evaluating the patient first and then matching up the data with standardized table based on this study.

Objective: This study compares the effect of speech therapy and picture exchange communication system (PECS) on communication development of 4-8 year old autistic children.

Materials & Methods: This is an experimental and comparison study. In this study 10 subjects including PECS and speech therapy groups were selected using the available sampling method on the base of including and excluding criteria. Both groups were matched according to age and developmental indices of Niusha scale. Dependent variables were listening, receptive language, expressive language, cognition, speech and social communication. Intervention was applied for both groups similarly divided in 40 minute sessions 3 times a weak for 3 months. Our parameters were evaluated by Niusha development scale before and after interventions. The results were analyzed clinically and statistically by sum-ranks willkokson and rank- signed willkokson.

Results: Post test comparison between the two groups revealed that the members of PECS group had a more progress in listening, receptive language, cognition and social communication skills rather than speech therapy group. But these differences were not significant statistically and T(sum ranks) was between critical values.

Conclusion: considering the results, it could be concluded that PECS is a effective strategy to train non-verbal autistic children. Moreover it could be used as a supplement teaching method beside other therapeutic method such as speech therapy.

Objective: Synkiesia is a sequel of facial nerve palsy. It usually begins 3-4 months after axonal regeneration and progressed up to two years afterward. Treatment of synkinesia is very difficult and sometimes impossible.The aim of our study is find a better procedure to treat facial nerve palsy and prevent synkinesia.

Materials and Methods: Twenty nine patients with facial nerve palsy were selected by electrodiagnosis tests. They were divided in two groups. The experimental group was treated by biofeedback electromyography and the second group was treated by common physiotherapy. The evaluation of all patients was done by Photoshop assessment and facial grading scale before and after treatment.

Result: After the treatment, a significant general improvement was observed in both groups (p<0.05), but in experimental group (biofeedback) showed better result than the other one. The number of patients with synkinesia as well as the severity of their synkinesis in experimental group were lesser than the other one.

Conclusion: Biofeedback therapy is more efficient than common physiotherapy.By using this approach, control and reducing synkinesia is more feasible. Assessment by Pohotoshop procedure showed better accuracy than facial grading scale.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate different aspects of validity and reliability of the Persian-version of Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS-P) among people with Multiple Sclerosis.

Materials & Methods: A sample of 50 people with Multiple Sclerosis and 30 healthy adults were included in this study. The participants were recruited from Sina clinic in Tehran between 2001 to 2007. The Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) includes nine items developed to measure disabling fatigue and a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) to measure overall fatigue. All participants were asked to complete FSS and Short-form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaires. Test-retest reliability and Internal Consistency were assessed, using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach's alpha, respectively. Dimensionality was assessed, using item-scale correlation after correction for overlap and convergent validity, using a priori hypothesized correlations with the SF-36.

Results: All the participants found the FSS-P to be clear and unambiguous in pilot testing. The ICC was reported 0.93 for the total score and 0.88 for VAS, The Cronbach's alpha was reported 0.96. The total score and the VAS were significantly correlated with the SF-36 vitality subscale (r=-0.69 and r=-0.73 respectively). Correlations with other SF-36 subscales were at moderate level (r=-0.43 to r=-0.65, all P<0.001).

Conclusion: Since this is the first study to translate and scale equivalent to "fatigue severity scale" in Farsi in Iran, the main features of the scale and reliability of Persian version of "fatigue severity scale" was determined and assess the validity of the study in terms of facilities and access to the sample and a preliminary report in order to design more and more research was in order next. The results of the study revealed that the FSS-P is an appropriate psychometric instrument to assess the people with Multiple Sclerosis.

Objective Spinal cord injury is a major problem for all communities that affect personal and social aspects of the patient’s life. The most common issues that spinal cord injury patients face are paralysis, muscle atrophy, pain, and spasticity. The ability to walk also may be disrupted or lost in many of the patients with spinal cord injury. Most common approaches to rehabilitation for patients with spinal cord injury are the emphasis on healthy neuromuscular sections to promote these sectors and compensate existing defects. But recent studies have reported that the neuromuscular system is capable of plasticity and after spinal cord injury is necessary to pay attention to health and impaired neuromuscular parts of the body. Gait training is one of the rehabilitation approaches that is trying to recruit impaired neuromuscular parts and improve them. This rehabilitation is performed in different ways. In this study, the effect of body weight supported treadmill training on balance and quality of life in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury was evaluated.
Materials & Methods This is a quasi-experimental study. Patients with incomplete spinal cord injury (n=15) aged 26 and 48 years with a chronic (>1 year post-injury), grade D=4 and C=11 (according to American spinal cord injury association scale [ASIA]) voluntarily participated in this study. Sampling was conducted from hospitals and spinal cord injury rehabilitation centers of Tehran. For intervention, the patient was in the body weight support system. Patients’ weight supported and suspended with harnesses and lifter of the body weight support system to the extent that knees were not bent in stance phase and fingers can’t be dragged into swing phase. Treadmill speed and amount of weight support adjusted depending on the patient’s conditions. Intervention applied for eight weeks and three sessions a week. Each session lasted 30 minutes. Outcome measures were Berg balance scale and SF-36 questioner. The quality of life evaluated before and after the intervention. Berg balance scale was evaluated at baseline and every two weeks throughout the intervention. The results were compared with each assessment. Repeated measure ANOVA test used for analysis of the scores of Berg balance scale and SF-36, paired t-test used.
Results The evaluation results indicated that the scores of Berg balance scale, increased significantly compared to the previous stage in each reevaluation. Between the various stages of evaluation, the maximum difference was between the second and third stages (P=0.008) that were after two and four weeks after the first session respectively. The score of SF-36 showed no significant difference. Between 8 items that measured in SF-36 questioner, just score of »emotional roll functioning « increased significantly (P=0.006).
Conclusion According to achieved results, eight weeks body weight supported treadmill training can improve the balance of the patients with spinal cord injury. It was observed that the gait training with stimulation and use of proprioceptors and increase of patient’s confidence in walking and standing positions improve the patient’s balance. The patients were also able to control the internal and external perturbations and maintain the better balance. But eight weeks gait training had no significant effect on the quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury which suggest that more extended rehabilitation is required.