Objective: The hip fractures are the most frequent cause of traumatic death after the age of 75 years, occurring more frequently in women that will make a negative impact of the patient's life style. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the risk factors of the hip fractures in elderly hospitalized in centers of education and treatment of Kerman and Rafsanjan cities in 1998-2000. Methods and

Materials & Methods: This study was a descriptive method of sampling during 27 months (from 19 April 1998 to 21 July 2000) in hospitalized patients of orthopedic wards of Ali ebne Abitaleb hospital of Rafsanjan and Shahid bahonar hospital of Kerman. 257 patients who were afflicted with hip fracture were evaluated by a questionnaire with 20 statements (risk factors of hip fractures) that was used to recorded information about this study: This risk factors were including age, sex, type of fracture, osteoporosis, milk consumption, muscle atrophy, environmental hazards, body mass index diseases, diabetes, previous fracture, smoking, antidepressant and anti convulsion drugs, heart disease, low mobility and activity perception disorders, age of menopause, impaired visual and nonuse external hip protector (padding).

Results: The results of this study showed that many of above risk factors were effective (>50%) than others. These factors were including environmental hazards (81.7%), muscle atrophy (72.8%), previous fractures (52.1%), low mobility and activity (70.8%), low milk consumption (100%), low BMI (79.8%), osteoporosis (52.1%) and nonuse external hip protector (100%).

Conclusion: The results of this study recommend that environmental hazards of elderly should be modified (e.g. well lighted, stair case with secure hand rail) to prevent from falling Exercise and faradic current prevent muscle atrophy and improve physical fitness, muscle strength, balance and coordination. Treatment of impaired visual is important because risk of falling is decreased. Regular load-bearing exercise such as walking, adequate milk consumption and calcium intake prevent of osteoporosis so the risk of hip fracture is decreased The use of external hip protector (padding) is very important. in elderly because energy from falling is absorbed so it can decrease probability of hip fracture.

Objective: High risk infants are those who have a history of one or more risk factors in prenatal, perinatal or postnatal period in their developmental period, shown as developmental delay (DD). The incidence of DD in these infants is higher than normal. This study is done in order to determine the incidence of motor developmental delay (MDD) and effective risk factors in developing of it in high risk infants who have been refered to developmental disorders center of SABA.

Materials & Methods: Study is a descriptive (incidence determination) and analytic case – control type (Effective high risk factors determination). The samples include 403 referred infants from health centers and pediatric clinics of Tehran that have the history of one or more risk factors. The infants with MDD defined as cases and infants who had refered to SABA center for other reasons as controls.

Results: The incidence of MDD in high risk infants was 30% that was significantly higher that of normal values. The most effective risk factors were prematurity (25.6), low birth weight (19%), neonatal seizures (7.4%), hyaline membrane disease (6.6%) systemic infections of mothers in pregnancy (5.7%) and severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (4.9%) in sequence. 

Conclusion: Regarding to effect of above risk factors in developing of MDD necessary and suitable attempts should be done for prevention of these factors in order to decreasing the incidence of DD. Developmental delayed infants also should be diagnosed early in order to early intervention rehabilitation & therapy in order to achieve a better results.

Objective: Regarding to ADHD is believed to the most common behavioral disorder in children, the purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in children. This study compared ADHD children and normal children.

Materials & Methods: In this comparative study, subjects were 192 children with ADHD who referred to pediatric psychiatric clinic in two years therapeutic period. The children were diagnosed as ADHD according to DSM-IV by two pediatric psychiatrists (experimental group) and 210 normal children who were chosen from schools and day-care centers in Tehran (control group). Research variables were matched with experimental group. Data were analyzed with descriptive methods such as: Q Square test. 

Results: Findings showed that 79.3% of ADHD-positive subjects and 54.3% of their controls were boy. Consanguinity of parents, history of ADHD and psychiatric disorders in parents and their relatives and being the first or second child of family were associated with greater risk of ADHD in children and showed significant difference between two groups (P<0.001).

Conclusion: Male, Consanguinity marriage, history of ADHD and psychiatric disorders in parents and relatives and the first or second child are risk factors of ADHD.

Objective: Suicide is defined as finishing life delibrately upon conditions that be done by individual’s own desire and own hand. Suicide is a major problem in social health and hygiene and it’s rate is now increasing among individuals at 15-24 age range. This study has preformed to detect risk factors and major fundamental agent been used in suicide.

Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive cross – sectional study. Statistical unit in this present study, obtained from individuals that committed suicide and hospitalized in Fatemi and Booali hospitals of Ardebil. Sample quantity was 218 cases whom have been from both two sex and from all ages. Clinical interview has derived from patients and their first-degree relatives and appropriate tests of MMPI were done. The results have been analysed with descriptive statistics of SPSS soft ware.

Results: In this study the most cases of committing suicide were within 15-25 age span, with the following group profiles. Female (61%), married individuals (53.22%), educated individuals with high school and diploma (35.78%), and moderate socio – ecnomic status (57.34). Sixty one point forty seven (61.47)% of these individuals were afflicted by psychological disorders white 58.72 precent were afflicted with personality disorders. The most used method for suicide was taking drugs and toxins (90.83%). Family problem with spouse has been founded as most common cause of suicide. 

Conclusion: This study is revealing that the prevalence of different risk factors, with play a role in commiting suicide, are as follow Moderate socio-economic condition, low education, end of adolescence and beginning of youth, female sex, being married, family problems especially among new married couple, psychiatric and personality disorders and finally an easy access to drugs and toxins. As considering their psychological profile, they had suspicion, pessimism, motive misinterpretation, high occupation of mind and a desire to sequestered their life.