Objective: Teamwork is a fundamental part of medical rehabilitation. The purpose of rehabilitation teamwork programs aims to enhance the functional and mental capabilities of disabled people to improve their quality of life. One of the problems of providing rehabilitation services in Iran is teamwork. In fact, teamwork is a missing link in rehabilitation services, and teamwork between physicians and therapists in different areas of rehabilitation helps to provide quality rehabilitation services. Therefore, this study aimed to identify barriers to teamwork in providing rehabilitation services.
Materials & Methods: This study was conducted in a qualitative approach to identify the barriers of teamwork using conventional content analysis based on Graneheim method (2004) in Shiraz and Tehran in 2017. 32 participants were selected based on purposive sampling with maximum diversity and sampling until data saturation. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Before the interview, the purpose of the study was explained and informed consent was obtained from the participants. Interviews lasted between 20 and 60 minutes and MAXQDA 10 software was used for data analysis. In this study, four criteria of acceptability, reliability, transferability and verification capability of Guba and Lincoln were used to evaluate and validate the data.
Results: After conducting interviews and analyzing of data, 846 primary codes extracted by removing similar codes. The classes were identified from the indirect open coding process by reading the text several times and assigning related codes to them by continually comparing the codes with each other and ensuring the accuracy of the coding. The findings of this study showed that the barriers to teamwork in providing rehabilitation services included a core theme of "trustworthy of a missing link to rehabilitation teamwork", and six main categories including: "disorderly planning and planning", "poor communication and coordination", " Lack of financial resources, "inadequate education system", "false cultural beliefs", "inadequate knowledge and experience", as well as 20 subcategories..
Conclusion: According to the findings, efficient rehabilitation teamwork requires a comprehensive understanding, considering the long-term in addressing the barriers. Identifying the barriers for providing rehabilitation teamwork can be the first action in the formation and advancement of teamwork at hospitals and rehabilitation centers. The "trustworthy of a missing link to rehabilitation teamwork" was the main barrier to teamwork. The results of this study can provide insights and extensive knowledge about teamwork to policy-makers, managers, providers, and rehabilitation staff for removing these barriers to order promotion of rehabilitation services. Therefore, it is vital for health policy-makers and managers to change their vision and focus on teamwork as a key part of health plans. Further research is suggested.

Objective: Families with mentally-retarded children need more support than other families in overcoming crises and achieving social adjustment. So, it seems necessary to pay special attention to these families durinzg the COVID-19 pandemic and identify their experiences and challenges to provide more support for this vulnerable group. Therefore, the present study was carried out in care centers under the supervision of the Tehran state welfare organization of Iran (SWO) during the COVID-19 pandemic to identify the challenges of families with mentally retarded children.
Materials & Methods: The present study was conducted with a qualitative approach and contractual content analysis method of Granheim and Lundman (2004). The participants were 18 families with mentally-retarded children living in care centers under the supervision of the Tehran State welfare organization of Iran (SWO), who were selected by purposive sampling. Sampling was continued until data saturation. Data were collected and analyzed using in-person or online (telephone) in-depth semi-structured interviews from July 11 to September 22, 2021. To evaluate the data strength, four criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability of Guba and Lincoln were used.
Results: Based on data analysis, 6 main categories and 23 subcategories were obtained. The main categories and subcategories included 1) constant worry about their children getting COVID-19 (inability of the child to protect against coronavirus, not observing protocols by the staff, underlying diseases and deficiency in immune system, few preventive measure for under 18 years people, conflicting information about children and adolescents' infection), 2) disconnection and intensification of stress (agitation and irritability of the disabled, worry about the future, parent's mental confusion, fear of losing child), 3) conflict with family tensions and contradiction (intensification of family guilt, overlooking other children, couple's self-blaming, tension in family interactions, intensification of family melancholia), 4) non-supportive community (further social stigma, social exclusion, lack of supporting vulnerable groups, the limitations of social distancing), 5) family economic crisis (costs of keeping child in the center, losing job and lower income of the family head, poverty and intensification of unstable economic conditions), and 6) care and educational concerns (decreasing the quality of care for the disabled, suspension of rehabilitation and educational activities, restrictions on leisure activities and communication for the disabled).
Conclusion: The results showed that the families of mentally-retarded children had encountered many challenges and concerns during the COVID-19 epidemic, some of which were related to the intensification of psychological pressures and some due to insufficient support from governmental and non-governmental institutions for these families. The study findings can be used to provide services and design support programs and policies for children with mental disabilities and their families. In this regard, it is recommended to pay special living allowances, strengthen the communication system between parents and children living in care centers, prepare a care and health packages for parents, design and implement psychological interventions to reduce parents' anxiety and stress, and provide free counseling.
 

Objective People's lives change after unfortunate events such as spinal cord injury, and the people with this injury, as a citizen, face various obstacles and challenges to participate in society. This study explores the barriers and facilitators of social integration of patients with spinal cord injuries in Rofeideh Rehabilitation Hospital.
Materials & Methods This research was conducted using Granheim and Lundman's (2004) conventional content analysis. The participants comprised 13 people with spinal cord injury, 4 family caregivers of patients, and 5 rehabilitation service providers in Rofeideh Rehabilitation Hospital, which were selected by purposive sampling. Sampling was continued until data saturation. Data were collected and analyzed using semi-structured in-depth interviews. To evaluate the stability of the data, four criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability proposed by Guba and Lincoln were used.
Results Facilitators of social integration of people with spinal cord injury were identified in the 3 main categories and 8 subcategories. The main categories were "social support," "social participation," and "individual beliefs." The barriers to social integration were extracted from participants' experiences and consist of 3 main categories of "environmental and structural barriers," "physical and motor barriers," and "contextual factors" and 6 related subcategories.
Conclusion According to the findings of this study, patients with spinal cord injuries face various barriers in order to re-integrate into the community. On the other hand, helpful factors at different levels of individual, family, and social facilitate their social integration process. Recognizing these factors, derived from the deep and rich experiences of people with spinal cord injury, family caregivers, and rehabilitation service providers, can be useful to patients, families, professionals, and policymakers. They can use these experiences to program, design, and implement related interventions to reduce barriers and strengthen facilitators to the social integration of the target group.
 

Objective Albinism is a genetic disease that causes vision limitations and skin and hair problems as a result of a disorder in melanin conversion. This disease can have wide psychosocial consequences among the sufferers. This study reviews and investigates the psychosocial experiences of people with albinism.
Materials & Methods This study is a review type and a thematic synthesis. This review examined the qualitative articles published until February 2023 in Persian and English in the field of psychosocial experiences of people with albinism. Articles related to extensive search were selected in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SID, and Magiran databases, as well as the Google Scholar search engine.
Results In the first stage of the search, 868 articles were obtained, after removing duplicate and unrelated items and checking the titles and abstracts of the articles, 365 articles were omitted and 102 articles remained. By combining the codes of qualitative articles related to the psychosocial experiences of albinism, two main themes were obtained with the titles of psychosocial challenges of people with albinism (PWA) and support resources and coping strategies in people with albinism.
Conclusion PWA experience many challenges in life and they are equipped with some support resources and coping strategies to deal with these challenges, which reduces the difficulty of the mentioned challenges. Knowing these psychosocial challenges and support resources can help professionals and individuals who deal with PWA to make policies and plan and develop treatment and rehabilitation programs to create favorable and effective conditions.