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Objective: Occupational accidents is considered as one of the sever dameage ocular structures which can produce permanent visual functionol impairment. 1048 occupational accidents files were reviewed from 1378-1381, randomly to analyze eye accidents caused at work and to present some plans and recommendation to reduce and prevent them.

Materials & Methods: Demographic features and the way of the accidents happened were derived from the files of 63 ocular injuries from the industrial’s workshop of the social welfare organization and were analyzed by Excel software and Chi-square test.

Results: 6.05 per cent of occupational accidents was related to the ocular accidents. There was no significant relationship between age and the cause of ocular accidents. 28.8 per cent of the accidents caused by not caring and using safety wares were happened between the ages of 20 to 40 years. 25.7 per cent of accidents were related to the enter of foreign bodies to the eyes in the age of 20 to 40 years. There was a significant relationship between occupational shift and season with the eye accidents (P<0.05). There was no relationship between the accident type and the season of the year and 26.2 per cent of entering of the foreign bodies into the eye was happened in the morning.

Conclusion: As the results show, teaching workers and promoting their knowledge level and occupational skills, proper using of personal and group safety equipments, avoid using improper equipments at work, abstain from over work shifts and using enough lights for decreasing occupational accidents can be the first to do.

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Objective: The aim of this study is assessment of acceptance of addiction prevention existing methods and design and present of appropriate model.

Materials & Methods: This research has done by survey and desariptive method by using questionnaire we assessed knowledge and belief of people about suggesting and existing methods of addiction prevention and their acceptence and finally design new and appropriate model of addiction prevention. For designing questionnaire, first exports and professors were openly interviewed and according their views final questionnaire was planned. We used questionnaire with 2 open ended and 61 close-ended tests for gathering data. The subjects of research were 2500 persons 13-35 years old that were selected by randomized sampling from 15 provinces.

Results: The findings showed that according to people who were studied, they have positive beliefs about prevention methods and their effectiveness. According to findings a good model is inclusive model that able to do in four level: knowledge, change believe and attitude, control and change behavior.

Conclusion: The people of study belive that acceptance of suggesting and existing methods of addiction prevention are effective direct and indirect to others, and appropriate model is inclusive model.

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Objective: to achieve factors probably causing to born exceptional children in families who have more than one exceptional children.

Materials & Methods: In this cross sectional and comparative study 80 family who have more than one exceptional children were selected conveniently and 53 family with normal children were selected by multi-stage sampling via schools of city of Urmia. In this study the biological characteristics of questionnaire - the cognitive parents with more than one child special and general health questionnaire was used. Analysis of data compromise Xi Chi, Yu-Whitney and t tests were used.

Results: Among demographic variables, sequence of children birth (P<0.001), disease (P=0.006), type of disability (P=0.001) and Major cause of handicap (P=0.014) were significant between two groups. Among biological variables, type of marriage (P=0.019), parental age at marriage (P<0.001), mother’s age during pregnancy (P=0.031), birthplace of parents (P<0.001), mother’s general health (P=0.012) and parent’s blood group (P<0.001) were significant between two groups.

Conclusion: Prevention and planning to control variables affecting the birth rate of Exceptional Children in families that have been investigated in this study will help to reduce disabilities.

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Objective: Since in countries like Iran where drug abuse rate is high، this can be troublesome in working environments and barracks. Thus this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of life skills teachings on attitude change towards drugs among conscripts in Tehran prisons 2010.

Materials & Methods: According to the objectives data collection method this study is both practical and experimental in which there is a case group and two control groups. A demographic questionnaire and Attitude assessing checklist containg 10 dimention were used in this study.

Results: The selected conscripts were put in three groups: training group (n=65)، inner control group (n=64) and outer control group (n=67). The comparison of the three groups indicated that: general attitude towards addiction (P=0.001), attitude towards drugs (P=0.001), attitude towards drug abuse reason (P=0.001), attitude towards the personality of the addict person (P=0.004), public attitude towards addiction (P=0.001), attitude towards detoxification (P=0.001), attitude towards escape from addiction (P=0.011), attitude towards addiction as a solution in life (P=0.007) has been changed and it is statistically significant.

Conclusion: According to the results of the present study، intervention and teaching life skills affects the conscripts attitude، and can play important role in reducing drug abuse in the society.

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Objective: The aim of this survey was the evaluation of the demand for training in substance use in employees of Welfare Organization, Tehran, Iran.

Materials & Methods: This study had two parts: 1 qualitative, using FGDs, 2 surveys as a quantitative study. In the quantitative part, staff of the welfare organization that carries out substance use care was surveyed. Questions on personal details and experience related to the training courses were asked. Training needs were assessed through questions concerning the need for further training. Questionnaire included both open ended questions, and answers were coded to the fields of treatment, consultation, basics, prevention, research, harm reduction and other training needs.

Results: Establishing a academic degree in substance use, was believed to be essential, although the long duration needed for establishing it highlights the need for substance use including 40% of curriculum of the substance use. Master, specialty of MD, psychiatry fellowships and PhD are different degrees for the substance use academic majors. Participants emphasized on importance of presidency of drug control from such academic degree establishment. In quantitative part, 45.7% of the participants were female, 28.6% were physicians. No one reported not having training needs, minimum and maximum of training needs were 1-7, with a mean (SD) of 3.6 ± 2.1. 66% requested academic major for substance use in the country. 42% of participants requested short training courses such as workshops. The most frequent training need was treatment, consultation, basics, prevention, research and harm reduction which was reported in 41 ) 78.8%, 32 (61.5%), 30 (57.7%), 26 (50%), 22 (42.3%) and 5 (9.6%) participants. 34 (65.4%) participants reported other training needs

Conclusion: In qualitative part, the need for a substance use major in Iranian universities was emphasized. The importance of financial resources was highlighted in this regard. As 66% of welfare substance care staffs need an academic degree in substance use, and the most frequent training needs were treatment (78.8%) and consultation (61.5%), welfare organization, ministry of health and medical education and also presidency for drug control should emphasize more on training of their staffs, especially in some specific fields.

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Objective: To design appropriate content for an addiction-prevention curriculum from the viewpoint of teachers and students.

Materials & Methods: In this survey 370 male and female students and 210 teachers were selected from Hamedan’s high schools through clustered randomized sampling. Eventually, 363 students and 200 teachers participated in the study. Two researcher-made questionnaires were used for data collection. Data were analyzed with Chi-square, Friedman and independent T tests.

Results: The highest level of agreement reached on the content was on these skills, in order of importance: the ability to say ‘no’ to others’ unreasonable demands, awareness of how friends can influence the desire to start or avoid addiction, and the ability to make decisions and interact with others. There was no significant difference among the three factors of causes, harms and prevention and they were all reported to be of equal importance. However, having compared the means, significant differences were found between the two groups of teachers and students and also between males and females.

Conclusion: Teachers and students believed that the inclusion of drug education in high school textbooks is important, especially regarding the topics agreed.

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Objective: The Islamic Republic of Iran has put prevention of HIV among drug abusing Afghan refugees in Iran and Pakistan and returnees to Afghanistan on its agenda in the form of a joint project and in the framework of its bi/multilateral collaborations with the United Nations Office on Crime and Drug Control and its neighboring countries. In this project, community based services are offered through: peer education, condom use promotion and distribution, primary health care, including treatment of infectious abscesses, needle and syringe programs, opiate replacement therapy, referral to voluntary counseling and HIV testing centers, referrals in cases of antiretroviral therapy, psychological, social and laboratory services, and, treatment of tuberculosis, hepatitis C and hepatitis B.

Materials & Methods: In order to monitor and evaluate the first implementation phase of this project that was conducted as a pilot in four DIC centers in Mashhad and Varamin, one year after initiation of the program in 2011, a focus group discussion was conducted. The FGD was conducted in the presence of 10 experts, directors and managers of this program on January 19th 2011 in the Administration Office of ‘Iran Drug Control Headquarters’ Treatment and Social Support Unit. The present paper is a qualitative assessment of the weaknesses, strengths, and challenges of the program, based on the experts’ views and opinions.

Results: Positive changes in these objectives are achieved, including: raising awareness of refugees, high risk behaviors reduction such as sharing needles and reducing risky sexual relationships, increasing HIV testing and identification of carriers and referring them to treatment centers.

Conclusion: The project of U.N. office on Crime and Drug Control is appropriate solution to the challenges on prevention and treatment services and harm reduction of addiction with an emphasis on HIV infection in Afghan refugees in Iran.

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Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of brain neuroplasticity on the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and on brain function and structure before and after ligament reconstruction and after a period of rehabilitation exercises.
Materials & Methods: In this review study, a search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, MedLine, Pedro, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Databases as well as national databases on related studies published from 1970 to 2021 using keywords in Persian and English related to the research topic.
Results: The initial search yielded 65 articles. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 24 articles were selected for review of which 5 articles prospectively examined the effect of brain neuroplasticity on the incidence of ACL injury. Their results showed that the brains of people with ACL injury was different from the uninjured people, especially in the motor-sensory part of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum, which caused errors during movement planning of these persons. Ten articles examined the effect of ACL injury before reconstruction on brain function and structure and reported that changes occur in the level of motor-sensory cortex of the brain at least two weeks after the injury; after one year, these structural and functional changes were widely increased in injured people compared to healthy people. These studies also showed that the ligament dysfunction and the damage to mechanical receptors cause the reorganization of the central nervous system. In injured people, the control activity of motor-visual areas and their need for visual feedback have increased. Seven articles examined these changes after ligament reconstruction and showed that the brain neuroplasticity or functional and structural changes resulting from the injury not only did not return to normal conditions, but also increased after a while despite the reconstruction. Two articles examined these changes after a period of rehabilitation exercises and showed that functional and 
Conclusion: The changes in the brain after ACL injury not only persist after ligament reconstruction, but also increase after reconstruction. The common rehabilitation exercises whose main focus is not on eliminating these functional and structural changes in the brain cannot overdrive this negative neuroplasticity after injury which is one of the important causes of secondary injury and subsequent complications. In developing exercises to prevent ACL injury and for rehabilitation, it is better to use the new principles of motor learning and exercises related to visual feedback along with conventional exercises to overdrive negative neuroplasticity created in the brain and create positive neuroplasticity to support ACL.