Objective: Lower back pain is most prevalent during our young and middle adult lives. Eighty percent of the population will experience an episode of pain during their lifetime. Recently some exercises are prescribed by physical therapists based on the patient's lordosis. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between LBP and lumbar lordosis in the students (21±2.3 years old).

Materials & Methods: Lumbar lordosis with adjustable ruler, pelvic tilt with tilt-meter and scoliosis, flat foot and shoulder drop with clinical examination have been studied. For determining the reproducibility, each test has been repeated after 5 minutes.

Results: The results have been shown that there were 21.5% scoliosis, 34% shoulder drop, 25% flat foot and 12.5% lateral pelvic tilt. Also, 15.6% of subjects have been suffering from LBP. In addition, correlation between lumbar lordosis and pelvic tilt was 43% that supported the results of previous studies. The results of this study have not shown any significant differences of lumbar lordosis between normal and LBP subjects.

Conclusion: On the other hand, mean of lumber lordosis in subjects with scoliosis was more than able-bodied subjects. Otherwise, in back pain subjects with shoulder drop and flat foot, hypolordosis has seen. Therefore, we concluded that to describe the exercise program based on lumbar lordosis needs more study.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of Craniosacral techniques on chronic headache. We used an A-B-A single subject design which consisted of one week of baseline (pretreatment), four weeks of treatment, and follow up period. The subject of this study was a 47 years old female who complained of severe headache during the last five years. Patient had received multiple medical and physical therapy treatments without success. Began starting Craniosacral therapy. After treatment patient's headache decreased from 7.5 to 1 (0-10 scale), and her sleep disorder improved by 50% and the vertigo and tinnitus that patient complained removed. Although this study showed the positive effect of Craniosacral techniques on chronic headache in a single subject, more studies are needed in this area.

Chronic calf pain may have various etiologies including stress fracture, chronic compartment syndrome, accessory Soleous muscle, and muscle sprains. An uncommon cause of chronic calf pain is entrapment neuropathy. Because entrapment neuropathies are uncommon, they are often under diagnosed. A 15-year-old adolescent developed progressive calf pain 10 months before his presentation. Physical examination and paraclinical studies revealed no abnormality and electrodiagnostic study was reported as normal. 2 months nonoperative the superficial Sural aponeurosis treatment and one surgical intervention were failed. Reexamination was revealed positive Tinel's sign and paresthesia in distribution of the Sural nerve. Surgical exploration revealed entrapment of the medial Sural cutaneous nerve localized in the passage of the nerve resulted in completeresolution of symptoms and full recovery. Several location for entrapment of the Sural nerve were reported, but we couldn't found any report in English language literature about Sural nerve entrapment in the superficial Sural aponeurosis in no athletics.

Objective: People with schizophrenia continuous type (previously labeled as chronic), constitute the majority of inpatients in rehabilitation wards. These patients, apart from the characteristic signs and symptoms of schizophrenia, suffer from anxiety. This anxiety, not influenced by antipsychotic medications, can be a part of the schizophrenia per se, but it may be due to the unfavorable frame and quality of life in mental hospital wards. Every attempt in decreasing the anxiety of these patients, can be regarded as a step toward a more perfect treatment and rehabilitation plan, and elevating the quality of their lives. In this research the application of drawing and painting as a method to decrease the anxiety of these patients was evaluated.

Materials & Methods: 100 schizophrenic patients (according to DSM-IV criteria) who were hospitalized in long stay rehabilitation wards of Razi psychiatric center for at least 2 years, entered the research procedure. Their anxiety level was measured by the Cattel anxiety questionnaire. 50 patients, who were selected as experimental group, had 15 one hour sessions of drawing and painting. For the remainder 50 patients who were the control group, various neutral activities (as placebo) were performed, during those hours. Medications were unchanged during the research. After the 15th session the anxiety levels of patients were evaluated for the second time. The scores obtained in the first and second evaluations in each group and between two groups were analyzed by appropriate statistical methods.

Results: In comparing the mean scores obtained from the first and second measurements in experimental group by applying the t-test (in correlated groups), the difference was statistically significant (t=67.5, P<0.0l).

Conclusion: Sessions of drawing and painting with appropriate duration and frequency can significantly diminish the anxiety in long stay schizophrenic patients in rehabilitation wards.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of three common remedial exercises and then compare them in severity of pain and disability in patients with chronic low back pain.

Materials & Methods: 25 patients with same as level of physical activity and history of mechanical low back pain during 6-12 months ago invited to participate to this clinical trial. After routine physical exam, severity of pain and disability due to low back pain was evaluated with visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry Questionnaire (OSWQ) respectively. Patients distribute to three subgroups (stabilization exercise=10pateints, Williams exercise=8patients, McKenzie exercise=7patients). Means difference of pain score and OSWQ (disability index) in all groups wasn't significant. Patients had done exercises according to name of their group during 12 weeks. At first all groups performed a complete set of exercises every day in 6 weeks. Then second 6 weeks exercises had done every other day (3 days per week). After testing the repeat ability of the parameters, reassessment of parameters was performed at the end of every 3 weeks. Data analysis was done with SPSS software. Friedman and Willcoxon tests were used for determination and analysis of data in three groups and then Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney was done for determination of differences between three groups.

Results: Data showed that all exercise regimens can decrease pain and disability index (P<0.000l). Though decrease of pain and OSWQ in stabilization group was faster than the other groups (P<0.05).

Conclusion: All exercise regimens due to their strengthening properties and special affects on muscles and joints of lumbopelvic region can decrease severity of pain even acute pain. But according to the effect of pain chronocity to surrounding tissues and receptors of lumbopelvic region and also central effect of pain (reorganization of motor cortex), which exercise can more effect than the other to this parameters that can more and more affect the surrounding tissues and receptors of lumbopelvic region so in the long time stabilization exercise according to activate inhibited local stabilizing muscles and then global muscle in stable position and unstable position can more effective than the other exercise regimens.

Thanks to new techniques in Pediatric Neurology , nowadays we are more able to detect and differentiate different diseases of the nerves and muscles in children . Although these techniques are sometimes more sensitive and specific than EMG in children, but EMG and NCV study has its specific role in pediatric neurology and this is because of more availability and feasibility of these tests in children . One of the main Limitations of EMG techniques especially in pediatric age group is the pain induced by the insertion of needle electrodes into muscle as well as electrical stimulations needed to do NCV and other studies. So, all the experts in the field are trying to find some methods to reduce the pain induced by this technique . I have tried to introduce some of these methods after a brief explanation about pediatric EMG technique.

Pain is the sensory and emotional experience of discomfort whiehis usually associated with actual or threatened physical damsge or irritation . Virtvally all people experience pain at all ages. Children also experience pain from the moment of birth through childhood years. Underestaning pain in children is very important , because of treatment implication and its influence in child physical and psychological development . Experienced researchers have found that pain is a concequence of emotional disorder which is observed in some patients . in many cases we have seen that a patient says to his / her clinician that she has no pain because there is no evidence of somatic disease. Dicomfont involved in psychogenic pain seems to resort primerly from psychological process. Many of physicion are familiar with unpleasant and avoidant concequences of these distortions . In these cases , it s better for us to agree with patients , experience of pain and not to prob somatic risk factors and their mechanism all the time. The researches hove recognized that psychological factors cam cause pain which is named psychogenic pain. It means that the cause of pain has psychological roots , versus organic pain which is related to discomfort is caused by tissue damage . In this study , theorical , psychological , psychoanalytical and psycho social approaches and personality characteristics description related to pain and the relations among these approaches in this area have been studied . Also, the perception of pain among children with different gender have been probed

Objective: To collectively investigate the several clinical tests have been used to measure endurance of the trunk muscles in subjects with and without low back pain (LBP) and identify the sensitivity of each test to predict the probability of the occurrence of LBP. Testing the spinal muscle endurance seems to be very important in prediction, prevention and rehabilitation of LBP. Several types of methods of static endurance testing such as: Sorensen test, prone isometric chest raise test, prone double straight-leg raise test, Supine isometric chest raise test and Supine double straight-leg raise test, regarding their utilization have been reported in the literature. However, identification of the tests that have more dominant sensitivity on assessment of LBP has not yet been determined. Information regarding the sensitivity of each test is needed for effective prevention and appropriate treatment strategies.

Materials & Methods: Total of 200 subjects participated in this study. Subjects were categorized into four groups: asymptomatic males (N = 50, mean age = 38±12 years), asymptomatic females (N= 50, mean age = 43±11 years), males with LBP (N = 50, mean age = 39±12 years), and females with LBP (N = 50, mean age = 43±12 years). Five clinical tests were measured in each group and the relative association of each test with on LBP was assessed.

Results: Among all the performed tests, prone double straight-leg raise test had the highest association with LBP. Other tests such as the, Prone isometric chest raise test, Supine isometric chest raise test and Supine double straight-leg raise test had low association with LBP in compare with Prone double straight-leg raise test.

Conclusion: It seems that Prone double straight-leg raise test has more association with LBP than other tests and could be used to as an useful method for testing the spinal muscle endurance, prediction of the probability of the occurrence of LBP, prevention and rehabilitation of LBP.

Objective: Musculoskeletal chest pain is a common referral to emergency departments and general practitioners. The terms of costochondritis and musculoskeletal chestpains are often used synonymously. The basis for such diagnosis is held by exclusion. Purpose: To evaluate the presence of musculoskeletal apparatus pain in patients with angina pectoris, despite their normal cardiac evaluations.

Materials & Methods: 971 patients referred for angina pectoris or chest pain were prospectively collected.Cardiac evaluations included: as history, physical exams, ECG-Chest X Ray, Echocardiography, perfusion scan and angiography as needed. One hundred patients with musculoskeletal symptoms along with normal cardiac evaluations were investigated .This group were examined by experienced physiatrists, history, physical exam, Cervical x ray, EMG/NCS and laboratory were also done in later group.

Results: According to our study 10.3 % of patients with chest pain presentations had musculoskeletal rather than any cardiac problems. From 100 patients with musculoskeletal chest pain, mean age of 43.2, with 71% women.38% of them have left scapular pain and 60 % of them have tender points with high frequency in posterior neck muscle and humeral lat epicondyle. Prevalence of abnormal EMG/NCS was 35%, mostly cervical radiculopathy and abnormal cervical x ray was 26%, mostly DJD of cervical spine.

Conclusion: This article reviews the causes of musculoskeletal chest pain and suggests an approach to any chest pain its needs more evaluation and more precise management. The results show an association, but not a causal link between musculoskeletal dysfunction and atypical chest pain. A careful physiatric examination including spinal movements and palpation for tendernes are suggested to be performed.

Objective: Reduced proprioception, Pain, changes in muscle activity patterns are sawn in PFPS. Balance is dependent on proprioception, visual, somatosensory and vestibular systems. So it is possible that balance be weaker in PFPS. The objectives of this study was the evaluation of the effect of patellofemoral pain on balance status of patients and comparing the balance between two groups.Anterior-Posterior, Medio-lateral and overall indexes were evaluated.

Materials & Methods: The research design was nonexperimental (case-control) study and the sampling was nonpropability (Sample of Convenience). We measured balance on a Biodex Stability System. Dynamic stability test was used for evaluation in two groups.

Results: Findings showed that balance indexes had difference between two groups.So that, overal index in close and open eye conditions had meaningful difference, but anterior-posterior and medial-lateral indexs did not show this difference.

Conclusion: Dynamic balance is weaker in patients with patello – femoral pain than others. Its main causes are Reduce of proprioception & changes in muscle activity patterns.

Objective: In patients with lateral epicondylitis present of pain and decrease of grip strength are essential problems. Use of splint have major rule in treatment these patients that causes relief of pain and increase of grip strength. Both taping technique and counterforce brace are two methods of treatments of lateral epicondylitis patients but we were not sure which method could be more useful and Answer of this question is magor aim of this study.

Materials & Methods: This study is a Quasi experimental. We selected 30 patients between 30-55 years conveniently and divided them in two groups simple randomized. 

Results: In grip strength test, the average difference between two methods was t = 1/92 which showed there is not significant. So, there isn't any difference between two methods on grip strength. In assessment of pain, we tested patients in two positions: first patient's hand was in comfort position, second in which when wrist of hand was in extension position. In both of position, that average difference between two methods (first t = 3/78 and secondary t = 3/2) found to be significant. Choose of method in such treatment is considered to be important.

Conclusion: taping technique is more effective than counterforce brace to relief of pain of patients with lateral epicondylitis, but in grip strength no difference between two methods.

Objective: Patellofemoral pain syndrome is the most prevalent problem involving25 percent of all knee disorders. Such problems might be lead to functional disabilities. The goal of this study was to evaluate the relationship between functional tests and Isokinetic parameters of knee muscles and subjective assessment of knee function in patellofemoral pain syndrome and to compare between patient and control group.

Materials & Methods: In this analytical and case – control research fifteen normal subjects and 15 patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome were selected with purposive sampling method in performing two main levels of this study:

1- Functional tests (bilateral squat and step down test) which performed randomly with considering of repetitions per 30 seconds, within 3 minutes rest between them applied and followed by subjective assessment of knee function with Kujala questionnaire.

2- Isokinetic tests performed with Biodex dynamometer device, during 10 to 90 degree of knee flexion with two distinct speeds, 60 and 120 degree per second.

Results: No relationship was found between functional tests and Isokinetic parameters in patient group, but we observed a low significant relationship between functional tests and subjective assessment in this group (r=0/47 for Squat test and 0/37 for Step down test). Moderate significant relationship was found between subjective assessment of knee function and functional Hamstring: Quadriceps ratio for knee flexion at 60 degree per second (r = - 0/58). All of the Isokinetic parameters of quadriceps muscle in patient group were lower than control group.

Conclusion: As there were low correlation between Isokinetic strength measurement and functional tests and subjective assessment of knee function, it is not recommended using these methods of assessment interchangeable in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.

Objective: To determine intrarater reliability of clinical examinations and radiographic variables that proposed to identify patients with lumbar segmental instability.

Materials & Methods: In this descriptive and methodological research, 15 patients with chronic non specific low back pain aged 22-43 years with non probability and simple selection (sample of convenience) participated. Clinical examinations included pain intensity, flexion and extension range of motion (ROM) with modified schober method, aberrant movement patterns, ito method of flexion and extension endurance test, sid support test, bilateral straight leg rising (SLR) & sit-up, prone instability test and oswestry index. Radiographic variables included: 1) Quantity of movement (sagital plane transition & rotation) measured with Dupuis and Panjabi method 2) Quality of movement (instability factor, centre of rotation & Centroid). Proposed method from Putto was used for flexion-extension radiography. Five x-rays were taken in neutral, full flexion & extension, mid range of flexion & extension positions from lateral view. We used ICC for reliability of quantitative variables, and Kappa statistic for nominal variables.

Results: Reliability of Pain intensity (ICC=0.89), flexion (ICC=0.93) & extension (ICC=0.74) ROM, Sid support test (ICC=0.85-0.86), extension (ICC=0.86) & flexion (ICC=0.82) endurance were high. Kappa value for aberrant movement patterns (k=0.66), bilateral SLR & sit-up (k=0.65), prone instability test (k=0.66) were substantial. Centre of rotation on X axis (ICC=0.99) & Y axis (ICC=0.96), rotation with Dupuis (ICC=0.83) & Panjabi (ICC=0.88) had very high reliability. Centroid length with 3 (ICC=0.60) & 5 (ICC=0.64) x-rays, instability factor with 3 (ICC=0.61) & 5 (ICC=0.72) x-rays, transition with Dupuis (ICC=0.69) & Panjabi (ICC=0.76) method had moderate to high reliability.

Conclusion: Clinical examinations includig pain intensity, flexion & extension ROM, sid support test, extension & flexion endurance and oswestery index have high to very high reliability. Aberrant movement patterns, bilateral SLR & sit-up and prone instability test have substantial agreement. Radiographic variables have moderate to very high reliability.

Objective: Lumbar curvature is an important factor in posture and body movement that help us to understand low back pain problems. The aim of this study was evaluation of external load and trunk posture effect on lumbar curvature under static condition. 

Materials & Methods: This study is an interventional, quasi-experimental and case-control study. Ten women with non specific chronic low back pain and ten matched without low back pain women were participated in this study. We used simple and non random method for sampling. Two clinometers sensors were used to evaluate lumbar curvature. Six static tasks while holding three levels of load (0, 6, 12 Kg) and two levels of trunk position (neutral and 30 degree of flexion) were simulated for subjects. Data were analyzed by using Kolmogroff-Smirnoff, ANOVA (Repeated Measurement) and independent T-test.

Results: Findings revealed lumbar lordosis in patients with low back pain does not change to kyphosis while increasing external load from 0kg to 6kg and 12kg in neutral trunk position (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Dysfunction in passive system due to soft tissue disorder, afraid of pain, changes trunk muscles recruitment and reduction of moment arm are likely reasons for increased lumbar lordosis in patients with low back pain during loading.

Objective: The purpose of this study was the investigation of relationship between muscle imbalance syndrome in the lumbo-pelvic area (Pelvic Cross Syndrome) which includes the combination of weakness of phasic muscles and tightness of postural muscles, lordosis and chronic low back pain.

Materials & Methods: This study was a comparative - cross-sectional and case – control research. A convenience sample of 600 subjects participated in this study. The size of lordosis, strength of abdominal and gluteal muscles and the extensibility of iliopsoas and back extensor muscles were measured in each group. The best cut-off values obtained from Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were used to categorize subjects as having weak or tight muscles in accordance with the assumptions. The lumbar lordosis in subjects with and without patterns of muscle impairments, and the association between lordosis and low back pain was assessed. Data were analyzed by using statistical methods such as: ICC, Kolmogroff – Smirnoff, Independent T test and ANOVA.

Results: The Findings of this study showed no significant difference in the degree of lordosis in subjects with and without patterns of muscle impairment in pelvic cross syndrome (P=0.38) and no significant difference in the lordosis between subjects with and without low back pain among those with specific patterns of muscle impairment in pelvic cross syndrome (P=0.62). Data also showed no significant association between degree of lordosis and low back pain (P=0.25).

Conclusion: The findings of this study did not support the Pelvic Cross Syndrome theory, which indicates certain patterns of muscle impairment would lead to exaggerated LL and LBP. Our data show a relationship between muscle impairment and occurrence of LBP, but probably not via changing the degree of lumbar lordosis as it has been proposed in PCS theory.

Objective: Despite evaluation of spinal muscle endurance was done in chronic low back pain, this has not been studied in first episode acute low back pain. The purpose of present study was comparatively evaluating patients with first-episode low back pain and healthy subjects to predict disability and chronicity after six weeks with spinal muscle endurance tests.

Materials & Methods: Through an analytical, cross sectional and case – control study in the first stage of research Eliot’s spinal endurance tests were used to evaluate endurance. Disability and pain were used to assess recovery. The study was conducted in two groups of patients (n=32) and normal subjects (n=51) using non-randomized simple sampling. In the second stage, a longitudinal prospective study was done. Studied variables were compared in recovered and non recovered patients after six weeks. Data were analyzed by using Kolmogorof – Smirnoff test, independent T test and Chi-Square.

Results: The results of independent t tests showed lower muscular endurance in patients compared to normal individuals (P<0.0001). Also the results of independent t-tests showed lower flexor endurance in unrecovered patients (P<0.04).

Conclusion: It seems low back pain patients can contract decreased endurance in the first episode and no need to repeat episodes. Results show may be endurance tests could differentiate acute low back pain patients with high risk to chronicity and disability.

Objectives: Patellofemoaral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a common musculoskeletal disorder. Proprioception is important factor in neuromuscular control. Others studies showed that, because of pain and abnormal stresses on soft tissue around joint and Proprioception may be change in these patients. The aim of this study was investigation of sense of quadriceps muscle force accuracy in patients with PFPS.

Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional and case –control study, thirty four young women with and without PFPS were participated. Biodex isokinetic dynamometer was used to measure isometric torque and sense of quadriceps static force. Force matching with ipsilateral limb was used by determining of reference force levels (20 and 60%) of maximal voluntary isometric force (MVIF) in 20 and 60 degree of knee flexion and attempting to perception and reproduction of target forces .Absolute error (AE), constant error (CE) and variability error (VE) were calculated for evaluation sense of force accuracy. Data were analyzed by independent T test and Logistics Regression.

Results: There was statistically difference in force reproduction error in 60 degree and 60% MVIF between two groups (P<0.005). Sense of force errors were high in patient group.

Conclusion: The results confirmed the past studies and showed that proprioception may be altered in PFPS patients because of changes proprioception afferents, specially for quadriceps muscle receptors.

Objective: Fatigue process in patients with neck pain was happened more quickly than healthy persons and neck muscle fatigue increased body sway during standing, but there is less evidence about the behavior of these muscles in dynamic conditions such as external perturbation, so this study was done to investigate the effect of muscle fatigue on onset latency of upper trapezius muscle in posterior-anterior perturbation among patients with chronic neck pain and healthy individuals.

Materials & Methods: In this quasi experimental and interventional study 16 patients with chronic neck pain (intervention group) and 16 healthy individuals (control group) were selected by simple and convenient sampling and based on inclusive and exclusive criteria. Data collection was done by using questionnaire and doing some tests and the main equipments were dynamometer, accelerometer and surface electromyography. The weight equal to 30% of maximum voluntary contraction used to produce fatigue process and 10% of body weight used to produce perturbation. Independent T test, Paired T test and Repeated ANOVA were used for data analysis.

Results: There was significant difference in onset latency of upper Trapezius muscle in posterior – anterior perturbation between two groups, before (P=0.006) and after (P=0.026) fatigue. This means that the onset latency was increased in healthy individuals and decreased in patients after fatigue. Also, there was significant difference in onset latency of Trapezius muscle in posterior – anterior perturbation between before and after fatigue in patients group (P<0.001) and healthy persons group (P=0.04).

Conclusion: Pain can change the onset latency of trapezius muscle and possibly it can decrease muscle activity in deep muscle and change the pattern of muscle activation. Fatigue as an exaggerated risk factor can decrease onset latency of superficial muscle in patients with chronic neck pain to stabilize the system, that it can increase the risk of injury.

Objective: The purpose of this research was to compare the erector spine flexion relaxation phenomenon between subjects with and without history of Low back pain.
Materials & Methods: In this Quasi-experimental study, 15 persons with history of low back pain were selected simply from convenient samples and 15 healthy persons were selected by matching method. Surface Electromyography and Electrogoniometery were used. Subjects performed lifting and lowering tasks with load and without load as randomly, then Prolonged Static lumbar flexion were maintained for 7 minutes, then lifting and lowering tasks repeated. Erector spine Flexion relaxation phenomenon before and after prolonged static lumbar flexion (position), with and without load, in two groups were compared by 3 ways mixed ANOVA.
Results: The interactions between Load * position (P=0.120) and group* load (P=0.365) were insignificant, but interaction between group * position were significant (P<0.001). After prolonged lumbar flexion position, erector spine flexion relaxation phenomenon started later in subjects with history of low back pain (P<0.001), but there is no different significant in subjects without history of low back pain (P=0.468).
Conclusion: After prolonged lumbar flexion position, erector spine flexion relaxation phenomenon started later in subjects with history of low back pain, but there is no different significant in subjects without history of low back pain.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare the abdominal muscles thickness change at alteration in seated stability between healthy and non–specific chronic low back pain male subjects.
Materials & Methods: In this case–control study, twenty non–specific chronic low back pain male patients whom had refered to physiotherapy clinics of university of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences and twenty healthy men were selected conveniently and simply. The thickness of Transverse Abdominis, Internal Oblique, External Oblique and Rectus Abdominis muscles of right side were measured with B mode ultrasonography (7. 5 MHz linear head) in supine lying (Position 1) , relaxed sitting on a chair (Position 2) , relaxed sitting on a gym ball (Position 3) and sitting on a gym ball lifting the left foot off the floor (Position 4). Measurement were taken at the end of both inspiration and expiration. Data were analyzied by Paired T and Independent T tests.
Results: Transverse Abdominis and Internal Oblique at all of position and Rectus Abdominis only at position 4 were thicker at the end of expiration in both healthy and patient groups (P<0.001). At the both status of inspiration and expirtion, there were significant differences in both groups in thickness change of Transvers Abdominis, Internal Oblique and Rectus Abdominis muscles between position 3 in comparison with position 2,position 4 with position 2 and position 4 with position 3 (P<0.001). Also there were significan differences in thickness change of External Oblique muscle between position 4 with position 2 and position 4 with position 3 in both groups (P<0.001). There were smaller increase in thickness of Transvers Abdominis in patients than healthy group (P<0.001) and smaller increase in thickness of Rectus Abdominis in healthy men than patient group (P=0.01).
Conclusion: Abdominal muscles respond to postural changes and these muscles are automatically targeted by decreasing the seated stability. In non–specific chronic low back pain patients, activity of Transvers Abdominis was decreased and activity of Rectus Abdominis was increased.