Objective: The purpose of present research was the comparison of mothers irrational believes with severe or profound mentally handicapped child and mothers with normal child from 6 to14 years old in Tehran city.

Materials & Methods: This study was an analytical, cross – sectional and comparative (case – control) research. From mothers with severe or profound mentally handicapped child who had refered to Tehran welfare services centers, 80 mothers were selected by regular randomized sampling from two rehabilitation centers and 80 mothers with normal child were selected for peering with the group of testimonial from schools areas of east, west, south, north and center of Tehran, through multi - stage cluster sampling in for variables of: age of mothers, educational levels, the location of living and the number of children. They answered to questionnaire of irrational believes of jons (IBT). Analysis of data was done by descriptive and infringing statistics methods (Independent T test, U Mann Whitney, Chi-square and fisher).

Results: The findings showed that: there are significantly differences in total irrational believes and irrational believes of blame proneness, frustration reactive, anxious over concern, problem avoiding and dependency, perfectionism between two groups of mothers (P<0/05). There was no significant difference in irrational believes between mothers who had mental handicap daughter and mothers who had mental handicap son (P=0/314). There was no significantly difference between two groups of mothers in four believes of demand for approval (P=0/737), high-self expectation (P=0/126), emotional irresponsibility (P=0/727), helplessness for change (p=0/283).

Conclusion: Irrational believes and many its sub scales. In mothers of severe or profound mental handicap children were more than mothers with normal child. But believes of demand for approval, high self expectation, emotional irresponsibility, helplessness for change in mothers with handicap child was not more than mothers with normal child. Also sexuality of handicap child doesn't effect in mothers irrational believes.

Objective: Children with cerebral palsy (CP) suffer from several problems, so the family especially the mothers undertake a lot of social and emotional difficulties. The purpose of this study was to determine the severity of anxiety in mothers of children with CP and its relation to the type of CP and severity of the disability.

Materials & Methods: During this descriptive-analytic study, 43 mothers who had 6 months -8 year-old children with CP under rehabilitation services in SABA clinic, related to the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (USWR), in Tehran, Iran, were selected as the case group by simple sampling. Informed consent was acquired from the mothers. Next a data registration form and the Cattell Test were completed by them. This test indicates the existence of anxiety as well as its rate. The type of CP and the severity of disability were determined by a pediatrician and an occupational therapist respectively, using the GMFM. Seventy-seven mothers of normal children, serving as the control group, filled in the same questionnaires. The data was analyzed using t-test, X2 for non-parametric variables, and Pearson& Spearman correlation tests.

Results: There were no significant differences in the mean anxiety scores (P=0.663) between the two groups, but there was significant differences in anxiety scores among the five types of CP (P=0.023). There were no statistically significant differences in anxiety scores and the severity of disability (R=0.386) and economic status of the family, age of mothers, gender of children, number of family members, birth type, consanguinity of parents, education level of mothers.

Conclusion: In respect of results and limitations of this research, it seems further researches are necessary.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare coping styles of mothers of exceptional children with each other and with mothers of normal children.

Materials & Methods: The study was a Causal-Comparative research. Sample size of 120 mothers in four groups of mental retardation, low vision, hearing impairment and normal children randomly clustered chosen in the city of Karaj. In this study coping styles questionnaire (Lazarus and Folkman, 1998) was used. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, multivariate analysis of variance and pos hoc Tukey test.

Results: The results showed that there is significant difference (P<0.05) in applying coping styles of "distancing, accepting responsibility, escape-avoidance and positive reappraisal", between mothers of exceptional children and mothers of normal children. Also, this study showed that there are differences among mothers of exceptional children that these differences are more for mothers of hearing impairment children.

Conclusion: Since mothers of exceptional children differ from each other and mothers of normal children in applying coping styles, recommended to liable and professionals are active in this area to educate proper solutions to parents of exceptional children especially mothers to cope with stress. With more education and support, mothers can cope with life stresses more suitable and family will be benefited from higher mental calmness.

Objective Disability is a form of damage that limits one or more major life activities of an individual. It is also associated with psychological distress and depression in these individuals, which in turn also cause problems for the concerned families. Consequently, families with disabled children are socially isolated and experience a low-level of mental health and mood. As mothers of disabled children spend more time with them, their adjustment and physical and mental health are more threatened. They are more sensitive to emotional issues and family relationships outside the family. Thus, the present study was conducted to predict the perceived empathy based on emotional schemas and resilience in mothers with disabled children.
Materials & Methods This study is a descriptive one, and the statistical population consisted of all mothers with motor-physically disabled children. This study was conducted in 2015-2016 academic year in the city of Tehran. Through purposeful sampling method, 120 samples were selected. Thus among the multiple areas in Tehran, areas 2, 4 and 16 were selected and by referring to special schools with physical-motor disabilities, questionnaires were given to the students. To collect information, Jefferson Scale of Patient's Perceptions of Physician Empathy Questionnaire (jspppe) was used to assess communication skills, human relations, quality, and expertise and medical skills. Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale was designed to measure the strength to cope with stress, and Emotional Schema Scale Lee Hee (LESS) that is used to determine beliefs and attitudes toward emotion in individuals were developed in 2002 by Lee Hee. Based on emotional schema, these two scales were used to measure 14 schema dimensions.
Results Based on the analysis of results and with respect to the establishment of conditions for equality of variances with Levene's test (P≥0.05) and normal distribution of data with Shapiro test (P≥0.05), parametric tests were used. Given that research has predicted the relationship, the Pearson correlation test and multiple regressions by Enter method  were used by using SPSS 23. The results of Pearson correlation showed that domains of emotional validation, superior values, stability, and consensus showed a significant positive correlation with perceived empathy of mothers having children with physical-motor disabilities (P<0.001). It was also found that resiliency has a positive and significant relationship with perceived empathy in mothers with children having physical-motor disabilities (P<0.02). Multiple regression analysis showed the shared variance emotional schemas and resiliency with perceived empathy is 0.46. The main findings of regression analysis, via the enter method, showed that the emotional schema validation, having superior values and resiliency factors have a significant effect in the prediction of perceived empathy of mothers of children with disabilities. Other emotional schemas are not significant impact factors in the prediction of perceived sympathy of mothers with disabled children.
Conclusion According to the results, the high resiliency and a positive emotional schemas such as having superior values and validation are predictors of perceived empathy in the mothers of disabled children. This means that the mothers of children with disabilities in dealing with situations when they have more resiliency and and interpret them as positive, are able to communicate more effectively with their surroundings.In this regard, one of the factors is perceived empathy that has a significant impact on the development of personal relationships between individuals and reflects the person's mental health. In addition, it can be used with resiliency and emotional schemas, so therapeutic intervention is implimented with respect to these two variables.