Objective: Personality development is a complicated phenomenon. Several external and internal factors such as hereditary background, congenital status, events afterbirth, individual differences, positive and negative promoting behaviors, and other cultural and social factors alone or in combination affect individual personality. Based on the theory of psychological analysis, experiences at childhood, especially interaction with parents have an undeniable effect on individual personality in adulthood. The subject of the present study is to investigate the relationship of family particulars with mental health in high school girls' students in Tehran at third grade in the field of experimental sciences. The present study is a case-study and its purpose is to study theories on dissatisfaction of students at disorganized families and its relationship with anxiety, depression, violence, and obsession.

Materials & Methods: The study subjects were 80 girl students studying at third grade in field of experimental sciences at Tehran high schools. Half of these students were selected as case group and half of them as control group. The subjects were selected with screening method and the SCL-90 test was used to study hypothesis.

Results: The results revealed that there was a significant difference between case and control group. The quality of family relationship had a strong correlation with mental growth of child.  

Conclusion: Based on obtained results, the atmosphere around the control group was happier than the case group. The members of the case group usually did not talk about their problems with father.  

Objective: Down syndrome (Trisomy of 21) is the most common chromosomal abnormality which associated with different somatic, psychotic, familial and social problems. This research was done under supervision of the child developmental disturbances group and with support of deputy of research in the University of Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences with the goal of surveying problems and familial burden of patient with down syndrome.

Materials & Methods: 61 families of the patients registered by the Iranian Society of Down Syndrome were participated (31 families with boys and 30 families with girls patients, patient with the range age of 3-17 years). Expert panel structured questionnaire in 7 domain (each 3 to 6 question) were used. The dates banked and analysis with student spss-pc.

Results: This survey found the most problems in 7 Domains including somatic, psychotic, behavioral, social, learning, supportive and communication problems. Mean priority scores in these domains based on family opinion was near and was 19.72 (SD=2.41). The datas showed most of families need education and knowing about supporting centers. %97 of patients were well accepted by their families, 96% of Families worried about their children after their death. In spite of the disabilities in these patients the families accounted their children as an able person.

Conclusion: The patients with Down Syndrome are accepted in their families and also adjusted with other family members, so the families Support them and expend all the expenditures. The families attitude about these patients are good and not shameful of their. Then need of education, information, social planning about their vocation, and future is a necessitate based on families opinion.

Objective: Giving birth and training to a child with Mental Retardation (MR) can be stressful for mothers. Therefore mothers need role models and adequate preparation to effectively teach the child to function at optimum level within the environment. Nurses are in a strategic position to assume a vital role in a assisting these mothers. With observation, problem solving, and decision making. There is a lack of studies about mothers' experiences of having a child with MR. This study was preformed to investigate mother's experiences of having a child with MR and how explore and describe the experienced mothers with mental retarded child.

Materials & Methods: A phenomenographic approach was used. The study was preformed at an exceptional school in Tehran. Twelve mothers were interviewed using guided interviews.

Results: From 336 thematic sentences, Six categories emerged, the first having three subcategories and the second having twenty subcategories., the third having three, the fourth category having six, the fifth having two, and the sixth having two subcategories. Mother's experiences of having a child with MR, describes informants a variety of feelings, often ambivalent (acceptance and UN acceptance). In such a situation, attention to God and prayer are the most important coping strategies for positive adaptation in mothers' experiences of having a child with MR, but this perception can not effect to accept him alone. They emphasis on educational and psychological needs for better life.

Conclusions: The findings of this study could be used in mothers education to promote understanding of mothers’ experiences and how best to help them. They could also be used in the general media to improve public understanding.

Objective: This study aimed at determing psychopathology and personal and relationship problems in violent husband.

Materials & Methods: In this cross – sectional study 230 male were selected through a multi clustral sampling from four different regions of Tehran. Then they completed Conflict Tactics Scales-2, personal and relationship Profile and Symptoms Check list-90-Revised. Based on their response to Conflict Tactics Scales-2, they were devided in to two groups. Then the psychopathological profile and personal and Relationship problems were compaired.

Results: Psychopathology, personal and relationshoip Profile were drawn. It showed that violence is associated with Psychopathology and excessive personal and relationship problems in violent husband (P&le0/05).

Conclusion: Violent husband in compare with nonviolent husband have more severe psychological symptomathology and more personal and relationship problems.

Objective: This study was directed to compare the effect of mental illness stigmatization and its related features on the families of the patients with the schizophrenia and major depressive disorder (MDD) without psychotic features, based on the criterion of DSM-IV-TR conducted on 2005.

Materials & Methods: This research was a cross – sectional and comparative study which performed on 40 family members in each group of above mentioned disorders, who had such medical record at Razi psychiatric center or clinic. The interviews were performed using a self–administered 34 items questionnaire which has shown its validation in previous studies.

Results: The findings indicated that forty - five percent of the schizophrenia group and thirty – two point five percent of the MDD without psychotic features, have been under discrimination and humiliation .The results have also shown that there is only in the schizophrenia group, a significant correlation between the stigma in the family and the duration of patient’s mental disorder and the frequency of their hospitalization (P<0.05). There has also been a significant correlation between the diagnosis of the illness and it’s denying and hiding by the family members (P<0.05).

Conclusion: One half of the families of psychiatric patients experiences the humiliation and discrimination and suffering from the stigmatization which in turn makes them feel uncomfortable and ashamed. The type of the psychiatric disorder play a major role in the stigmatization. The psycho – education of the family along with the general education of the community can have a significant effect on the reduction and hopefully elimination of such stigma.

Objective: In this research, comparison of social adjustment in mothers of educable mentally retardedand girls mothers of normal girls has been investigated. The purpose of this study was answer to this questions that whether presence of mentally retarded child has a negative effect on social adjustment of mothers.

Materials & Methods: This research is a case–control and analytical study. 80 mothers (composed of 40 mothers having mentally retarded girls and 40 mothers having normal girls who educated in middle schools) were selected with random sampling. In the present study the weissman & paykel social adjustment scale (1974) was used. This is a semi-structured interview which investigates social adjustment in seven main areas: used work, social and leisure activities, extended family relations, marital relations, parental role, family unit and economic position.

Results: The findings showed that there is a significant difference between social adjustment in mothers of mentally retarded and mothers of normal girls (P<0.01). One way ANOVA and correlation showed that there was not significant difference between the demographic variables (child age, mother age, the length of marriage, the education level of mother, number of children the position of the child in the family) and social adjustment of mothers of mentally retarded girls (P<0.01).

Conclusion: From the results, we can come up with the point, that the social adjustment of mothers of mentally retarded girls is less than that of mothers of normal girls.

Objective: Gender Identity Disorder is a rare condition in which individuals experience their gender identity as being incongruous with their phenotype. An important factor related with this disorder is family, which plays a role in etiology and maintenance of the disorder. Finding the relationship between family functioning and Gender Identity Disorder (GID), can be useful for enhancement of the interventions program, to help the patients and evaluation of this relationship is aim of this study.

Materials & Methods: This study was a cross – sectional and case-control research. In this study 37 individuals who have been reffered to Iran Forensic Medicine Organization with Gender Identity Disorder (GID) diagnosed by pschiatric commision filled demographic questionnaire and Family Assessment Device. Matching the control variable (sex, age, and education), 37 available individuals who have no psychiatric problem were selected in control group and filled the device. Data was analized using by T- test for independent groups.

Results: Results showed that "family functioning" (P=0.034) and some functional demensions including "Affective involvement" (P=0.03), "Control of behavior" (P=0.021) and "Affective responsibility" (P=0.009) in Gender Identity Disorder (GID) group in comparison with control group were more unsuficient. But there is no significant diffrence in "Roles" (P=0.15), "Problem Solving" (P=0.16) and "Communication" (P=0.066) between two groups.

Conclusion: In regard to findings of this study, programs through the family intervention can be useful for Gender Identity Disorder (GID) patients. In other hand by viewing these factors planing some programs for prevention and treatment of Gender Identity Disorder (GID) is suggested.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of psychological and educational family- based early interventions on motor development of Isfahanian children with Down syndrome under age 5.
Materials & Methods: In this experimental and interventional study, 36 parents who had children with Down syndrome were randomly selected and assigned into two groups by balanced randomized method. Hornby's counseling model and educational plan was implemented on experimental group. To collect data Winders motor developmental checklist and Gesell psycho-motor scale were used. Covariance statistical method was used to analysis the data.
Results: Findings showed that there were significant differences in performance of children with Down syndrome, between experimental group and control group in both gross motor and psycho-motor skills (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The results showed that psychological and educational family- based early interventions had significantly increased motor development in gross motor and psycho-motor skills of children with Down syndrome.

Objective: Since presence of cerebral palsied child affects the life quality of family and specially family caregivers, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of education to caregivers about caring of children with cerebral palsy on quality of life of them.
Materials & Methods: In this interventional and quasi-experimental study, twenty five family caregivers of spastic cerebral palsy children were selected based on inclusion criteria from welfare centers of Babolsar. Instruction courses performed 6-8 sessions and each session takes 30 minutes. The quality of life was assessed using SF36 (short form health survey with 36 question) at the beginning and 3 months after the instruction courses . Paired T test and Wilcoxon nonparametric test were used for data analysis.
Results: The scores of quality of life followed by instruction courses showed that there was meaningful improvement in whole of eight realms , both total realms of physical health and mental health ,as well as total quality of life (P<0.001) .The minimum increase in mean difference found in mental health(11.36±13.59) and the maximum increase found in emotional role (50.66±87.24). The amount of change between pre test and post test in the score of total quality of life was (13.18±13.54).
Conclusion: Findings of this study showed that life quality of family caregivers promoted after instruction about how to do correct care on cerebral palsied children. therefore, the importance of family instruction can be concluded for better life of cerebral palsied child caregivers. It should be noted that the effectiveness of rehabilitation program for cerebral palsied children might have positive effects on life quality of their caregivers.

Objective: Change in the brain structure with causes such as mental retardation, can alter hemisphere lateralization, especially if it takes place before completing the lateralization development. This research compares two important indices of lateralization including handedness and footedness among mental retarded and normal children and their parents. Four groups were compared to each other in order to showing the influence of mental retardation and family style in lateralization.

Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in second three month of 2008 by selecting 160 children (ranged between 7-13 years old) including 60 mental retarded students (IQ range from 50 to 70) were selected by random sampling and 100 normal children (IQ range 85-115) Were selected by cluster sampling. All participants with their parents completed 10 items of Edinbrough Handedness Inventory and Waterloo Footedness Questionnaire and Raven Progressive Matrices test. First Percent and confidence interval of each preference was presented then preferences of each group with chi-square test were compared.

Results: Amount of right footedness (RF) in fathers of normal children were 87% and their mothers were 86% and normal children were 84%.also amount of (RF) in fathers of mental retard children were71.6% and in their mother were 75% but (RF) in mental retard children were 50%. Amount of right handedness (RH) in fathers of normal children were 91% and in their mothers were 88% and in normal children were 87%. Also amount of (RH) in fathers of mental retard children were 88.3% and in their mother were 85.2% but (RH) in mental retard children were 66.7% . Chi square analysis revealed a significant difference between hand (P=0.013)and foot (P<0.001) preference among mental retarded and normal children, but this difference was not significant among their parents in both population. However Chi square analysis revealed A significant difference between hand (P=0.009) and foot (P=0.018) preference in mental retarded children and their parents.

Conclusion: Handedness and footedness can be changed by mental retardation so lateralization can be varied by MR.

Objective: This research aimed at comparison effects of a new and current "training program for community rehabilitation workers of Community Based Rehabilitation", in enhancing their knowledge, attitude and skills.

Materials & Methods: In this experimental field trial, a total number of 34 newly engaged local trainers in Lorestan province were divided randomly in two (16 and 18 peoples)interventional groups based on geographical location of their work places

Teaching methods were roll playing, problem solving, and learning by doing in new program and the booklets were revised in terms of fluency and a guideline booklet for trainers were added in this program but the teaching method was reading booklets and demonstration of the skills in current program. Knowledge, Attitude and Skills of trainees assessed just before and after the training course based on the material which were used for the training course. K.A.P. changes of two groups were compared by independent t-test, Mann Whitney, Wilcoxon & Chi square.

Results: Mean knowledge and skills scores increments were remarkably more significant after attending new course than after passing the current course (P<0.001) and more rehabilitation workers who attending new course use practical guides in addition to verbal instructions to train disabled people and their families (P=0.028). There were no significant differences in attitude changes among the two groups.

Conclusion: As trainees learned more by means of the new training course and the two courses were not so different in the resource allocation, substituting the new method to the current one should get consideration.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the features of the Family-Focused Intervention Scale (FFIS) for mothers of children with special needs.

Materials & Methods: Descriptive-survey and validation research methods’ were applied for the survey. Participants were drawn from a sample of 200 mothers of/with children with special needs in were selected from the special schools by selected based on the in-reach sampling. The Family-Focused Intervention Scale (FFIS) were used as measurements instrument. To assess the results of the study, the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 16 was used for computing correlations, reliability coefficients (Cronbach’s &alpha), test-retest reliability, and item-total correlation and factor analysis.

Results: Test of the internal consistency of the Family-Focused Intervention Scale (FFIS) revealed that all 40 items were highly correlated with the total score. The Cronbach’s alpha for the scale was 0. 83. A re-administration of the measure 1 month later yielded high correlation. Item-total correlation was in acceptable range for items (P<0. 001). The Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the subscales and total score were (r=0. 11-0. 64) respectively. Factor analysis extracted five factors including System engagement, Child information, Family instructional activities, Personal-Family assistance and Resource assistance, with a value of greater than one exhibited 55. 82% of the total variance.

Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that measuring the Persian version of the FFIS appeared to be credible with high stability for assessing intervention programs. The findings of the present research give support to the significant value of this questionnaire for future studies.

Objective: Depression is the most common mood disorder. Today, family has main responsibility in caring of psychiatric patients. For ensuring best care for depressed patients, families require social and health systems supports. The aim of this study was to explain the experiences of the families about function of these supportive sources.

Materials & Methods: This is a qualitative research carried out using conventional content analysis method. Twenty-four family members of the patients suffering from depression and referred to Razi psychiatric clinic in Tehran were selected using purposeful sampling. Unstructured and in-depth interviews were applied to collect data. The interviews were transcribed and constant comparison analysis was applied. MaxQDA 2007 software was used to manage the data.

Results: According to the family experiences, social and health support resources are not comprehensive and efficient. The performances of the supporting sources have been extracted in four themes. These themes include: “incorrect viewpoints of the society”, “inadequate support”, "ineffective health system”, “economic–cognitive deficiency of the families” that they were the main themes.

Conclusion: During the process of depressed patient care, families find themselves alone. They need to access to have easy comprehensive support systems. In addition, health team must implement the follow up programs regularly and dynamically.

Objective Family member caregivers of patients with spinal cord injuries experience varying degrees of burden because of the long process in the care of their patients. These conditions have different negative consequences for the family caregivers. One of the most important protective factors against the suffering of the caregivers is their knowledge about care giving process. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of educational intervention based on Orem self-care model on family caregivers' burden of patients with spinal cord injuries.
Materials & Methods This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest and posttest design and control group. It was conducted on patients with spinal cord injuries at South Khorasan Province. Research units purposefully selected and then were randomly allocated to experimental and control groups. Experimental group received educational intervention based on Orem self-care model for patients with spinal cord injuries consisted of eight 40-minute teaching sessions at the center. To measure the burden of caregivers, 22-item Zarit questionnaire was used with content validity index of 80% and Cronbach α of 0.79. The questionnaire was completed before and after the intervention in experimental and control groups. The results were analyzed by SPSS version 16 using descriptive (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and analytical (t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient) statistics.
Results Mean of burden in caregivers was not significantly different between the 2 groups before The intervention. But, we observed significant differences between the 2 groups after the intervention. The difference between mean of burden before (3.2±0.33) and after (3.11±0.66) the intervention was significant (P<0.05) which shows the positive impact of education. The results obtained with regard to the relationship between mean burden of caregivers and demographic variables indicate that there is a significant relationship between the burden of caregivers and their income, before and after intervention in 2 groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, burden score shows a significant positive association with the duration of caring the damaged patient. The longer the duration of caring, the higher would be the burden score (P<0.05, r=0.3). The burden score relates also with increasing age, both positively and significantly (P<0.05, r=0.3). There was no significant correlation between other variables and burden score (P>0.05).
Conclusion The results of this study suggest that education of family caregivers of patients with spinal cord injuries based on Orem self-care model can reduce their experienced burden resulted from chronic and long term caregiving involvement. Moreover, the financial situation and occupation of caregivers could be a positive relational factor in their burden. Therefore, we suggest that the family of caregivers  be under support and supervision of social and therapeutic supportive organizations. Also, with regard to long-term care of these patients, some measures like caring the patient at home with support and backing of spinal-cord injury centers to reduce the pressure on the family of caregivers are recommended.