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Objective: The purpose of present study was to find the percentage of depression frequency, its intensity and relationship with chronic and acute stress, history of neurological disorders, and several demographic indexes among medical students of Bandar Abbas University during 1994-95.

Materials & Methods: A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed among students based on random-classified sampling method. Of them, 271 questionnaires were returned and studied.

Results: In the present study, percentage of depression frequency and its intensity were investigated among 271 medical students using Beck Depression Inventory. The results showed that 44.1% of students had depression. The depression rate was scored low (26.3%), average (10.4%), and high (7.4%). The depression frequency was higher in the third  and fifth year of university students.

Conclusion: The depression rate had a positive significant correlation with marital status, chronic stress, acute diseases, previous infliction to depression, and other mental disorders. The factors such as disinterest in medicine and dissatisfaction with current situation had specific correlation with depression. However, there was no significant correlation between depression and factors such as age, sex, being native, chronic stress, and positive family history for depression.

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Objective: The ultimate goal of this research is determining of depression prevalence and effective factors among boys of pre university level in Kazeron city.

Materials & Methods: The present research is an analytical - descriptive and cross sectional study, which was done in February 2001. In order to achieve the goal, 240 pre university boys were selected through random classified sampling and the data gathered by questionnaires and Zung depression scale.

Results: The results indicate that 42.9 percent of students suffered from depression. The rate of depression among the students is as follows: low depression 28.8%, medium depression 9.6% high depression 3.3%, and profound depression 1.3%. The statistical test, such as X² and X² for trend has been used. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between depression and family financial status, parents’ relations, talking about problems with others, anxiety about joining to military services, anxiety for entering to university, treatment of teachers and principals and educational level of mothers. With respect to the above mentioned variables and using a logistic regression model the following results achieved: Four variables had increasing effect on depression incidence: family financial status, parents’ relations, talking about problems with others and anxiety about going to military duty.

Conclusion: The advantage of the above model is not only to identify the effectiveness of the variables in depression but also by understanding of the students it is likely to prevent depression incidence.

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Objective: The need for immigration usually depends on complicated relations between economical, social, familial and political factors. Unavailability to education, occupation, services and respecting to primary human rights are the most important factors in immigration.

Materials & Methods: This study designed and performed for detection of frequency of depression in Afghan refugees in Bardsir’s camp. In this survey 300 persons (162 female, 138 male) of that camp were selected. They filled out Beck's depression inventory and demographic questionnaire. The method of sampling was cluster sampling and the study was cross-sectional.

Results: Total prevalence of depression in these refugees was 53%. The most severity of depression was in age group 20-29 years. Statistically there was no significant difference between depression and age. The relation between the prevalence of depression and sex was studied (57% in female and 47.8% in male). Statistically there was a significant between the prevalence of depression and sex (P<0.04). Depression rate among single people was more than married people, but the relation between the prevalence of depression and marital status was not significant. The most severity of depression in relation with refuges duration was found in the people with refuges period of 141-150 months.

Conclusion: Generally the prevalence of depression among refugees except sex doesn't relate with demographic factors and mainly the factors after migration affected the prevalence of depression.

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Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of behavioral disorder among of primary school students in Abhar.

Materials & Methods: 600 primary school students (300 boys and 300 girls) of public primary schools in Abhar, Iran were used as the sample for this study. Their behavioral disorder scores were obtained by means of Rutter's teachers' questionnaire.

Results: Using a cutpoint of 9, the prevalence rate of behavioral disorder was 43.3% among subjects, with boys showing higher rates of behavioral disorder (44.7%) than girls (42%) but no significant differences were found by gender on rates of behavioral disorders. 6.3 percent of the subjects had severe behavioral disorder.

Conclusion: Academic achievement was negatively related to behavioral disorder. Significant differences were found by mothers' education on children’s rates of behavioral disorder. Significant differences were found by fathers' occupation on children’s rates of behavioral disorder.

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Objective: This research is an evaluation of the theraputic efficacy of comedy films in improving the mood of the long – stay schizophrenic inpatients.

Materials & Methods: 50 schizophrenic patients in 2 rehabilitation wards of Razi Psychiatric – Center were selected on the basis of available sampling. They were divided into 2 groups (Experimental and Control), each group consisted of 25 patients. Before any therapeutic procedure, the magnitudes of their depression were measured by Beck Depressive Inventory. Afterwards, the experimental group was exposed to silent comedies of Charles Chaplin and Mr. Bean (Roan Atkinson) for 30 minutes every other day for two weeks. Meanwhile, the control group were shown a documentary film about the formation of planet Earth. At the end of the second week, the magnitude of depression of all cases were again measured by B.D.I. Furthermore, in order to investigate the statistical significance of differences between depression magnitude among both groups before and after the experiment, Mann Withney – U test, was utilized. Also for defining and explaining the data and drawing the scales, SPSS and Excel softwares were employed as well.

Results: According to the findings of this research, the difference between depression magnitude in both groups before and after the exposure to comedy films was significant at P=0.05.

Conclusion:  This result shows that comedy films can improve the depressed mood in the long–stay schizophrenic people.

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Objective: The purpose of present study is to investigate "religious orientation (internal and external) effects on aged mental health".

Materials & Methods: In an expost-facto and correlational study 230 male and female residents of elderly centers affiliated to welfare organization and public places (such as mosques and park) in which the non–resident aged persons gather, were selected through clustered randomized sampling. َAt first, the subjects were screened from cognitive disorders. Then, they completed GHQ-28, Beck Depression Inventory and Religious Attitude Test. The data were analysed through Pearson correlatioal Test and Mann-Whitney.

Results: The results revealed that there is a significant correlation between elder depression and mental health. In the other words, the higher scores on external religious orientation, the higher scores on mental health problems and rates of depression. The more trends toward internal religious orientation, the lower rate of depression and mental health problems. Also, there was a meaningfull correlation between elder religious orientation and their mental health and depression rate. In other words, there was a meaningful correlation between mental health and depression rate of resident and non- resident elders. In addition women had more external religious orientation, while men had higher rates of internal religious orientation. 

Conclusion: External religious belief had meaningful correlation with mental disorders and depression, and internal religious belief had meaningful correlation with mental health. Mental disorders and depression are more prevalent among resident elder than the non-residents, and also the resident elders have more external religious orientation.

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Objective: The present study examines Bandura’s agentic model of depression in adolescence as well as modeling physical domain of self-efficacy.

Materials & Methods: In this descriptive and cross-sectional study the selected samples were 946 students (471 girls and 475 boys) of high schools from north, south, east, west and central region of Tehran. The schools were selected by random sampling. Participants completed Child Depression Inventory (CDI), Physical Efficacy Questionnaire and scales measuring social avoidance and peer rejection. The design of this study is structural equation modeling which includes two sections: first confirmatory factor analysis. Second, structural equation. This study examined direct and indirect self-efficacy pathways to adolescence depression.

Results: Findings revealed satisfactory fit: RMR=0/079, RMSEA=0/047, NFI=0/95, CFI=0/97and GFI=0/96. The direct effect of physical mastery and skill self-efficacy is not significant on depression (P>0/05), but it’s indirect effect is significant (P<0/05).

Conclusion: Results showed that direct and indirect impact through peer rejection and social avoidance of physical presentation is significant but physical mastery efficacy is not significant.

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Object: Current study reports psychometrics characteristic of Beck Depression Inventory-II.

Materials & Method: Three hundreds fifty four recovered depressed patients were assessed to determine the severity of depression and also the effect of randomized clinical trail. These subjects were recruited though community advertisement and clinical practices settings of psychiatrists and psychotherapists. After obtaining interviews, to evaluate the history of the primary problems (Past Major Depressive Disorder) and other exclude, include consideration criteria Beck Depression Inventory –II and Brief Symptom Inventory (Depression scale) were conducted. This article report data related to Beck Depression Inventory.

Results: Results of the factor analysis, reliability and validity showed application of the Inventory in clinical setting.

Conclusion: Psychometric characteristics of Beck Depression Inventory –II, reflects a robust diagnostic and results in related to severity of depression before and after treatment for several times. Evidence of the Beck Depression Inventory – II factorial validity, showed the marvellousness of assessing any kind of such clinical trial. Particularity with considering the three factors of depression, it would be possible to determine the dimensions of such respective changes.

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Objective: Hearing loss can affect on physical, mental and social health of deaf adults and lead to depression, anxiety, isolation, suspicion and stress of them. Cochlear implantation has positive effects on behavioral and emotional status of postlingually hearing impaired adults. This study is aimed to compare dizziness, depression, anxiety and mental health in adult cochlear implant recipients and candidates.

Materials & Methods: This case- control and comparative study was conducted on 49 patients, 24 cochlear implant recipients (as case group) and 25 severe-profound hearing impaired adults (as control groups) whom were selected by simple and convenient sampling. Beck Depression Inventory, Dizziness Handicap Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory and General Health Questionnaire were completed to determine and compare cochlear implant effects. Data were analyzed by MANOVA.

Results: Mean depression and anxiety scores in cochlear implant candidates were more than cochlear implant recipients. This difference was significant in depression (P=0.001). There was no significant difference between two groups in general health (P=0.415). The results of this study also showed that dizziness is more in cochlear implanted group (P=0.004).

Conclusion: It seems that cochlear implant use leads to decrease of depression and anxiety. It leads to increase of dizziness.

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Objective: this research studied the relation between cluster B personality disorders and major depression disorder with relapse.

Materials & Methods: In this analytical and comparative study, samples consisted of the major depressive disorders patients that had experienced major depression through 5 years ago and were experiencing partial remission in research time. Samples were selected by non probability sampling in outpatient centers. The patients with more than two relapses were assigned as case group and the patients without any relapse were assigned as control group (two groups on the base of demographic in formations were matched). They completed BDI_II and SCID_II to assess cluster B personality disorders, and a questionnaire made by researcher to gather information’s.

Results: Comorbidity of borderline personality disorder (P<0.001) and narcissitic personality disorder (P=0.016) with depression in patient with relapse of the depression is more significantly than patients with first episode of depression, but comorbidity of exhibitive personality disorder with depression and relapse had no significant difference between two groups (P=0.401).

Conclusion: according to the relationship between narcissistic and borderline personality disorders and the role of them in relapse of depression, for making an effective psychotherapy for depression, it is necessary to consider personality beside special symptoms.

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Objective: Transference interpretations have been considered as an important technique in models of short-term dynamic psychotherapy. The purpose of the cur rent investigation was to explore the role of transference interpretations on depression severity outcome of the 6 patients treated with short-term dynamic psychotherapy for major depression.

Materials & Methods: Through single case study design 6 patients with major depression were selected conveniently and treated once weekly for 20 sessions. Severity of depression was measured through Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) in 3 phases and 27 points (3 session assessment as baseline, 20 sessions as treatment, and 4 sessions as follow up). Data were analyzed visually through charts and effect size analysis.

Results: The findings demonstrated that, 5 cases of 6 showed stable changes from moderate to mild severity in second half of treatment period. In treatment period compared with pre-treatment period, the effect of depression severity change in 4 cases was high and in 1 case was moderate. In one of patients, depression severity didn’t decrease.

Conclusion: The results suggest that transference interpre tations should be used focal in sessions of short term dynamic psychotherapy with patients suffered from depression.

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Objective: Many patients experience with anxiety and depression after cardiac bypass surgery as a consequence of this type of surgery. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of cardiac rehabilitation on anxiety and depression level of patients undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery in hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.

Materials & Methods: In this interventional study 80 randomly patients, based on convenience sampling, who had the required criteria were selected and divided into two groups marked as experimental and control groups. The data were collected using three questionnaires. Demographic questioner and The Spielberger anxiety scale for measuring the state and trait of anxiety and the Beck depression inventory for measuring the depression. Both groups answered these questionnaires in three stages: on discharge from hospital , immediately and two months after cardiac rehabilitation. After measuring anxiety and depression in both groups on discharge the experimental group participated in 8 session cardiac rehabilitation in four weeks. The control group received only routine program. The data was analyzed using t-test, repeated measurement multi–variate test, chi square, regression analysis and correlation coefficient.

Results: The results revealed that after cardiac rehabilitation program there was a significant statistical differences in depression level between groups (P=0.0014) but in anxiety level, there was no statistical significant difference (P=0.079) between groups.

Conclusion: Cardiac rehabilitation is effective in reducing depression in patients undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. Therefore it is recommended to use cardiac rehabilitation in these patients.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between ‘depression, anxiety and stress’ and aggression in people with drug dependence.

Materials & Methods: An analytical study was conducted to determine correlation. In 2013, 110 individuals with drug-dependence were selected conveniently as a sample group. Data were collected using the ‘Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale’ (DASS) and the ‘Buss-Prey Aggression Questionnaire’. They were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression.

Results: Findings indicated significant correlations between ‘depression, anxiety and stress’ and aggression (depression & aggression r=0.828, anxiety & aggression r=0.793, stress & aggression r=0.775 P<0.0005). Depression (P<0.0005) and stress (P<0.05) showed significant predictiveness for aggression, while anxiety did not significant predictiveness (P>0.05).

Conclusion: The results showed that depression, anxiety, and stress were associated with aggression in people with drug dependence. This study suggests that addiction treatment centers and cognitive-behavior therapy clinics take into account the psychological co-morbidities present in drug-dependent individuals and attempt to treat them too.

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Objective: Children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) need special long term care which is usually provided by their mothers. Providing such intensive cares can induce physical loads on mothers' musculoskeletal system. The study aimed to assess the chronic musculoskeletal pains in mothers of children with cerebral palsy.

Materials & Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in Tehran, 2011. Two groups of mothers having children aged 4 to 12 years, with and without CP, were selected via convenience sampling method and were enrolled in the study. To assess musculoskeletal pain Nordic questionnaire was used and the relation between variables was examined via Pierson correlation and independent t test.

Results: In this study, 60 mothers with CP children and 60 mothers with healthy children participated. The mean (±SD) age of mothers and their children was 33.79±6.02 years and 7.11±2.71, respectively. Depression, chronic musculoskeletal pain, and also pain in the lower back, shoulder, ankle and toes were significantly high in mothers of children with CP (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Because of the high frequency of chronic musculoskeletal pain in mothers with CP children, they need physical & psychological support to diminish the adverse effects of care activities. It is recommended to train mothers about how to care themselves and their children correctly to reduce their physical and psychological problems.

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Objective: This study aimed to investigate the role of perceived social support in predicting psychological disorders in people with mobility impairment and its comparison with normal subjects.

Materials & Methods: In This causal comparative study, 49 subjects were chosen among all people with mobility impairment by random sampling and 50 subjects among ordinary people by available sampling. Data were gathered with Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21) and Multidimensional Scale for Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and were analyzed by chi-square, ANOVA and multivariate regression.

Results: Results showed that there are significant differences between mobility impaired and normal subjects with respect to their stress (P<0.05), anxiety, depression and significant others social support (P<0.01). There are relationships between the stress of mobility impaired persons and their perceived social support of friends and significant others between the depression of mobility impaired persons and their perceived social support of friends, family, significant others and their total social support and between the anxiety of mobility impaired persons and their perceived social support of friends, family and significant others (P<0.05). Regression analysis showed that models about the prediction of stress, depression and anxiety based on perceived social support were significant for people with mobility impairment and normal subjects (P<0.01).

Conclusion: These results have amplifications about the prevention of social and psychological dysfunctions and are usable in rehabilitation for people with mobility impairment.

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Objective The prevalence of disability is growing with the development of science and industrialization of the society. Disability is a psychological, biological phenomenon and impairment in any of these areas affect a person's health. Similar to other people in the community, these people need to use similar services. One of the critical issues for these people is the use of rehabilitation services. Rehabilitation services can be effective in improving the physical and mental status of people with disabilities. In some developing countries, there are no rehabilitation services, and only some services are provided in institutions and few needy people can use it. Community-Based Rehabilitation (CBR) encompasses a large part of the needs of people with disabilities including activities of daily living, social activities, and empowerment. CBR provide the essential rehabilitation services for the people living in remote and impoverished areas. The CBR program provides health and quality of life services which can increase individual’s ability and prevent factors such as depression and dependence due to disability. Considering that the evaluation of each plan and program is in the tasks and responsibilities of the management and that the CBR program is running since 2007 in the city of Bostanabad; however, its effectiveness has not been studied. Literature is scarce on the effectiveness of CBR programs among the two covered and non-covered groups. It is necessary to examine the effectiveness of CBR programs in improving the mental health status of the persons with disabilities. The aim of this study was to compare general health and depression of the people covered by the CBR program with non-covered.
Materials & Methods This was a cross-sectional study. Physical movements impaired people qualified for the inclusion in the villages covered by CBR (n=48) in Bostanabad, and not under the CBR service (n=45, control group) in other villages were enrolled for this study. All participants in this study completed three questionnaires, including demographic, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ28) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Data were analyzed using t-test independent for comparative groups.
Results according to the results, 57% of participants were male, and 51.6% had a mild disability. The results do not demonstrate a significant difference in General Health between the two groups (P=0.870). GHQ28 subscales demonstrated a significant difference in depression (P=0.001) and social impairment (P=0.001) between two groups. There was no significant difference in the subscales of physical symptoms (P<102.9) and the symptoms of anxiety and sleep disorders (P<0.331). Participants in the CBR program demonstrated a lower level of depression compared with the non-covered group
Conclusion  Implementing the CBR programs in rural and remote areas can be effective in reducing the depression of people with physical disabilities. These programs can create meaningful change and a more comprehensive framework for people with physical disabilities and can have positive effects on the general health. Further studies are required to collect more data about the general health and the quality of life of these groups of patients. 

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Objective: Leukemia is the most common type of cancer among children. Changes in these children’s illnesses and the adverse effects of medications on their physical conditions may cause parental depression. Also, treatment stages, continuous and long-term hospitalizations have negative impacts on the participation of these children in life activities. This study aims to evaluate the effect of maternal depression on the participation of children with leukemia in life activities.
Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study with a cross-sectional design. The study population consists of all children aged 13-15 years with leukemia and their mothers. The children were referred to Seyed Al-Shohada Hospital in Isfahan City, Iran. Using a convenience sampling method, we selected 72 children for this study from January to June 2019. The inclusion criteria were aged 5-13 years, more than 2 months passed from leukemia diagnosis, and access to their mothers. Finally, 62 children and their mothers had the willingness to participate in the study. After explaining the study objectives, a demographic form, the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), and the short form of assessment of Life Habits (LIFE-H) questionnaire were completed through interviews with children and their mothers. Noreau et al. (2002) designed the LIFE-H questionnaire to assess the participation of people with disabilities. Mortazavi et al. (2013) assessed the validity and reliability of its Persian version. They reported an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) >0.60 for all of its subscales and an ICC value of 0.87 for the whole questionnaire, indicating its good validity and reliability. The Beck 2 self-expression questionnaire measures the indicators of depression in individuals. Gasemzadeh et al. (2005) prepared and validated the Persian version of BDI-II. They reported its good validity and reliability to assess depressive symptoms in a normal population (The Cronbach alpha = 0.87). The collected data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation test, the Spearman correlation test, ANOVA, and independent t-test in SPSS v. 20.
Results: The Mean±SD ages of mothers and their children were 36.98±5.8 and 8.4±2.5 years, respectively. The Mean±SD score of BDI-II in mothers was 21.8±10.9, and more than 85% of them showed some degrees of depression. The Mean±SD score of the LIFE-H questionnaire in children was 67.7±18.8 out of 100. The results showed significant negative relationships between maternal depression and child participation in education (P=0.008) and social life (P=0.05). There were no significant relationships between maternal depression and child participation regarding nutrition (P=0.1), physical fitness (P=0.12), personal care (P=0.24), communication (P=0.4), housing (P=0.17), mobility (P= 0.13), responsibilities (P=0.45), interpersonal relationships (P=0.27), and recreation (P=0.17).
Conclusion: Depression of mothers of children with leukemia, besides destructive effects on their performance, can limit child participation in education and social life.

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