Women have suffered from drug abuse for conturies, although formal Treatment assistance for women has been recognized as important only during the past few decades. The nature and underlying reasons for women's drug abuse differ from men’s behavior in many ways. It is finally understood that research on men will not simply translate into effective solutions for women as well. Here deal with the many issues that can arise in working with disabled women suffered from drug abuse because biologically, Culturally, and socially, their experience is different from that of men and other women and key theme For this discourse is that a woman who suffered from drug abuse is first and foremost a woman. Disabled women also have specific issues that must acknowledge and incorporate into the counseling, social work and other experince, so, here review is based on more than 25 years of the collective experience and firsthand knowledge of Monique Cohen and their Counselors at The CASPAR outpatient Clinic in Cambridge, Massachusett (2000) about women with drug abuse and alcoholism. The clinic Provides omprehensive substance abuse treatment to Individuals and Families struggling with either one or multiple addictions.

Objective: This research was conducted to determine some characteristics of Iranian adolescent (<20 yrs.) addicts, including their sex, age of onset, type of abused drug, root of administration, history of cessation, family situation, socio-economic situation, psychiatric symptoms, attempted suicide, and perceived cause of being addict.

Materials & Methods: Among 500 clients of an outpatient addiction treatment center in Tehran, 65 persons whose ages were not more than 20 year old, were selected and the above mentioned factors were extracted from their records.

Results: Of them 98.46% were male. The least age of onset was 8. The most frequent abused drugs were opium and or heroin (79.99%). The most common root of administration was smoking (43.18% for opium and 57.14% for heroin). Seventy-six and ninety three percent of subjects had a history of cessation for at least one time. Disadvantaged socio-economic status (73.84%) and dysfunctional familial relations (60.00%) were also seen among them. All of the subjects had psychiatric symptoms (anxiety and / or depression) at the time of interviewing, while 21.53% of those had a history of admission in a psychiatric ward. Among the latter group, 28.57% also had a history of attempted suicide. The subjects’ most common perceived cause for initiating use of drug was emotional familial problems (61.53%).

Conclusion: The relative large contribution of youth among Iranian addict population (13%), especially along with an absolute high rate of cessation history in them (76.93%),indicating and early onset pattern of addiction in Iran. This requires serious preventive measures that seemingly should be promoting the youth socioeconomic status, emotional-familial state and mental health. More analytic studies are necessary to confirm these descriptive findings, especially for determining the risk and protective factors of addiction in adolescence.

Objective: Parents (or parent) drug addiction may cause or inhence behavioral disorders in children.  The aim of this research is study the behavioral disorders among the children of addicted  fathers and comparison with children of non-addicted fathers.

Materials & Methods: Subjects were 125 students with addicted fathers and 125 students with non-addicted fathers (N=250). The instrument used in this study was Rutter’s Teacher Questionnaire.

Results: The prevalence rate of behavioral disorders in children with addicted fathers was higher than the prevalence rate of behavioral disorders in children with non-addicted fathers. Significant differences were found by gender on rates of behavioral disorders. Fathers levels of education were related to the childrens rates of behavioral disorders. Behavioral disorders occur at a higher rate in children with non-educated and low educated fathers. In comparison with children of non-addicted fathers, children of addicted fathers had higher rates of school absenteeism. Children of addicted fathers also had higher rates of visiting school consular. There was a significant relationship between behavioral disorders and academic achievements. Academic achievements were negatively related to behavioral disorders. 

Conclusion: Fathers drug addiction and behavioral disorders in children are related.

Objective: The main aim of this research was to investigate the effects of therapeutic community program on social relationship of previous addicated persons.

Materials & Methods: The method of treatment in therapeutic community (TC) program was used in accordance with providing conditions for mental and social development of addicted persons. A group of subjects (n=30) with an age range of 20 - 25 years were selected to test the effects of resocialization on their interactions with other people.

Results: Based on the results, TC program including morning meetings, psychology course, individual and group counseling can be used to measure the improvement of social relationship of the individuals with the correlation of r=0.41 with P=0.03.

Conclusion: The results show that with the increase of participation of individuals in TC programs, the improvement in social relationships of them will be achieved.

Objective: The aim of this study is assessment of acceptance of addiction prevention existing methods and design and present of appropriate model.

Materials & Methods: This research has done by survey and desariptive method by using questionnaire we assessed knowledge and belief of people about suggesting and existing methods of addiction prevention and their acceptence and finally design new and appropriate model of addiction prevention. For designing questionnaire, first exports and professors were openly interviewed and according their views final questionnaire was planned. We used questionnaire with 2 open ended and 61 close-ended tests for gathering data. The subjects of research were 2500 persons 13-35 years old that were selected by randomized sampling from 15 provinces.

Results: The findings showed that according to people who were studied, they have positive beliefs about prevention methods and their effectiveness. According to findings a good model is inclusive model that able to do in four level: knowledge, change believe and attitude, control and change behavior.

Conclusion: The people of study belive that acceptance of suggesting and existing methods of addiction prevention are effective direct and indirect to others, and appropriate model is inclusive model.

Objective: Having the information about pattern of substance abuse in the community and its epidemiological features is one of the most important protocols for evaluation, follow–up and control of the use of these substances. The aim of this study was to evaluate the patterns of substances abuse among narcotic anonymous (N. A. ) addicted patients.

Materials & Methods: In this descriptive and analytical study, three hundred patients from narcotic abusers anonymous (N. A. ) association who were referred to a treatment center in Tehran were participated consecutively. The information about demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, type of drug and the patterns of substance abuse of all cases were collected by researcher made questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Chi–Square test.

Results: 80% of the patients were male. Almost 65. 2% of cases aged less than 40 years. More than two–third of cases had free jobs and 21. 2% of them were unemployed. Also, 32% of patients had college degrees. The most common types of abused substance were opium (88%), cigarette (76.7%), and alcohol (63%) and 34% of them used substances intravenously. The use of alcohol (P=0.033), cannabis (P<0.001), cocaine (P=0.009) and ecstasy (P<0.001) was more prevalent significantly in the cases less than 40 years old than the elderly.

Conclusion: It seems that the trend of substance abuse has been changed to younger population. The pattern of drug abuse in young adults is more toward psychosis drugs such as cocaine and ecstasy.

Objective: the researches showed which drug treatment had various effects on individual's sexual function. The purpose of study was to survey effects of protector treatment with methadone in sexual function in men that dependent to opiates .

Materials & Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental study. Statistical population was married men that dependent to narcotics and have been under of treatment protector with methadone. The sample consists of 69 people which selected with available sampling method. The questionnaires were used consist of demographic questionnaire and sexual functional questionnaire (SFQ).

Results: the sexual function has increased in overall sexual performance and the sexual desire after start of treatment. Also there was no meaningful statistically difference between erection and ejaculation in sample of study before and after of the treatment.

Conclusion: Protector treatment with methadone can be effective in sexual function in people dependent to opiates.

Objective: The aim of this study is to review the previous implemented research on drug abuse and dependency in Iran.

Materials & Methods: In this study all available information has been used instructions, official says, rules, etc.

Results: Addiction is a major problem in our country in a severe and urgent intervention requires. Due to the difficulty of longer research and prevention of addiction, Preventive and social studies are small. A significant number of researches in the field of addiction treatment, the country have been done. Due to the nature of disaster-pron country as earthquakes, floods, and the drug, most efforts are focused on drug control .That the poor predictions of future changes in material consumption and future ongoing monitoring is necessary. The prevalence of injection use has increased compared to non-injecting drug users in Iran and 15 to 23 percent are infected with HIV. In most studies, the cost of addiction treatment and direct costs of addiction treatment is considered and costs such as fighting, prevention, and drug trafficking is not considered.

Conclusion: Due to the favorable attitude in our society, rules, and guidelines related, it is necessary the proper planning and comprehensive research on prevention and treatment in addition to the executive must be done.

Objective: Activities concerning demand reduction and specially addict’s treatment and rehab have outstandingly improved in Iran. Now different treatment alternatives such as outpatient and residential care centers such as‚ abstinence based and spiritual therapies like, narcotic anonymous are developed. Treatment program in human recovery population is, replacing opium tincture and gradually reduction of it (during 11 month).and it includes group and spiritual therapies.

Materials & Methods: this research is an economic and descriptive study one which has been done longitudinal during 3 months (from the beginning’ one and three months after entrance). Participants include all addicts over 40 who have referred to the society (congress 60) for detoxification. choosing the samples has been based on the method of accessible sampling. Demographic questionnaire and checklist of payment of treatment cost (directly or indirectly) have been collecting information tools. Data’s have been analyzed by software spss.

Results: out of 33 people, 15 were over 50 years old. Opium abuse With the frequency of 12 people (36.4%) ‚heroin crack with the frequency of 14 people (42.2%) had the most frequency . Monthly cost of drug abusing is on average 1,598,490 Iran Rials (IRR), for each person. The sum of official costs is 77,200.000 IRR in a year, in order to continue governmental support of services. Private charitable contributed the society about 350,000,000 IRR in 2010. This contribution was spent on rehabilitation of addicts.

Conclusion: The net cost benefit ratio is about  58% and the net sum of saved 167,744,740 IRR therefore, it can be concluded that the benefits of treatment and detoxification of the mentioned society has been effective.

Objective: The aim of present study is to compare the suggestibility between addict and non-addict people.

Materials & Methods: In this research 176 participants (76 addict people by systematic random and 100 non-addict people by convenience method) were selected and completed the Ganji suggestibility test. The independent t-test and variance analysis were used for statistical analysis.

 Results: The results suggested that addict people significantly were high in suggestibility than to non-addict people) P<0.05). The type and gender had no significant effect on suggestibility of addict people) P<0.05).

Conclusion: Addict people apart from type of opioid use had high suggestibility than non-addict people.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of educational packages on knowledge of substance addiction and complication among different levels of students in Tehran city.

Materials & Methods: An interventional study was designed in that three group of different levels of students using pre-test and post-test questionnaires, before the study of educational packages and after the study of educational packages.

Results: The mean total scores of students before and after the study of educational packages were respectively 7.61 and 9.44 that has been demonstrated knowledge of different levels of students before and after intervention in students of primary (except fourth and fifth class), middle and high school was significantly increases.In other words with confidence of %95 can be said training about substance addiction and complication in increase of knowledge of different educational levels have been effective.

Conclusion: According to the results of this study the key role of educational program to reveal itself in demand reduction strategies and primary prevention.

Objective: In recent years, the Therapeutic Community(TC) has become a widespread treatment alternative for drug addicts. TC have been widely studied with emphasis on thair effectiveness. The aims of the present study was to examined effectiveness of TC on self esteem and decrease of relapse.

Materials & Methods: Research Statistics universe constitutes of all the substance abusers who have come to the TC centers of Tehran and Mashad. samples is chosen as stratified sampling of the cities of Tehran & Mashad. This study conducted among 165 substance abuser, examined their drug use 2 years. The study utilized a quasi-experimental design with one group, clients were tested at 3 points in time pretest (at admission time), posttest (3-6 months after treatment) and 1-year Follo-up (1-year after treatment) using the self esteem questionnaire.

Results: The findings show that (a) about half (50%) the clients were clean at follow-up (b) significant linear increases on self esteem After 3 to 6 months of treatment(P<0.05).

Conclusion: This study provides evidence that TC could effective approach to increases on self esteem and decrease of relapse.

Objective: This paper aims at evaluating and selecting the most suitable detoxification method among the following four

Materials & Methods: symptom method, replacement method, rapid opiate detoxification and ultra-rapid opiate detoxification. Material & Methods: Thirty experts considered the four detoxification methods and rated the 7 criteria on a 1-9 scale -basis. Then, after making a decision-making matrix, the four methods were prioritized and the best was chosen through the next six-stages of the TOPSIS technique.

Results: The replacement method was closer to positive criteria and more distant from negative ones in compare with other methods (Ci=0.653446).

Conclusion: According to these findings, the replacement method turned out to be the most suitable method of detoxification.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Immunization program against addictive drugs in Isfahan’s preschool centers.

Materials & Methods: To achieve the abovementioned objective, 60 children from preschool centers were selected through sampling. A quasi experimental pre-test post-test study was conducted. The Immunization Program (KADU packet) was administrated to the experimental group. The test used in this study was the ‘preschool children's knowledge, affects and behaviors toward addictive drugs’ checklist. Data were analyzed by Analysis of Covariance.

Results: According to the results, the Immunization program against addictive drugs in preschool children is effective.

Conclusion: The overall results of the study showed the Immunization program to be effective. It increased children's knowledge, changed their attitudes toward addictive drugs, and shaped avoidant and assertive behavior.

Objective: To design appropriate content for an addiction-prevention curriculum from the viewpoint of teachers and students.

Materials & Methods: In this survey 370 male and female students and 210 teachers were selected from Hamedan’s high schools through clustered randomized sampling. Eventually, 363 students and 200 teachers participated in the study. Two researcher-made questionnaires were used for data collection. Data were analyzed with Chi-square, Friedman and independent T tests.

Results: The highest level of agreement reached on the content was on these skills, in order of importance: the ability to say ‘no’ to others’ unreasonable demands, awareness of how friends can influence the desire to start or avoid addiction, and the ability to make decisions and interact with others. There was no significant difference among the three factors of causes, harms and prevention and they were all reported to be of equal importance. However, having compared the means, significant differences were found between the two groups of teachers and students and also between males and females.

Conclusion: Teachers and students believed that the inclusion of drug education in high school textbooks is important, especially regarding the topics agreed.

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess and compare quality of life indicators in caregivers of schizophrenic patients with and without substance dependency in Razi Psychiatric Hospital.

Materials & Methods: In this analytical study, 30 persons per group (caregivers of substance-dependent and substance non-dependent schizophrenic patients) were selected from Razi Psychiatric Hospital through convenient sampling. Indicators of quality of life were measured by WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire and analyzed by independent t-test.

Results: The overall results of this study showed that all the dimensions of quality of life in caregivers of schizophrenic patients (with and without drug dependency) were similar. However, due to frequent physical and psychological disputes with the patient, Physical health indicators were low. Moreover, the Stigma associated with mental illness caused a decrease in social and religious indicators. On the other hand, other indicators of Quality of life (Environmental and Independency) had improved due to repeated efforts to seek help in solving their problems.

Conclusion: It seems that schizophrenic patients’ addiction does not affect caregivers’ quality of life indicators.

Objective: The present study examined the relationship of aggression and impulsiveness with readiness for addiction among the students of Allameh Tabatabai University.

Materials & Methods: The methodology applied in this research was cross- analytical. 170 male undergraduate students who study at Allameh Tabataba'i University were selected by two-stage random sampling. To measure the variables, Aggression Questionnaire of Ahvaz, Barrat Impulsiveness scale(BIS) and the readiness for addiction scale of Wade and Butcher were employed. To analyze the findings, the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regressions were used.

Results: Results indicated that the variables of aggression and impulsiveness were significantly able to predict the readiness for addiction (P<0.001). Also, based on the coefficient of determination, aggression and impulsiveness variables together predicted 49 percent of variance of addiction readiness variable.

Conclusion: Noting that the variables of aggression and impulsivity can properly predict readiness for addiction, university counseling centers can, through workshops, teach the students different ways of controlling these variables in a variety of situations and so they will be able to prevent the tendency towards drug use.