Objective: The main objective at study was to assess the communication and interaction of psychotic patient above age of 18 in 2000.

Materials & Methods: The study sample consist of 80 psychotic patients (38 female and 42 male) from Razi and Imam Hossein Hospital and Raad and Sina outpatient clinic, selected based on occupational therapist using the Assessment of Communication and Interaction Skills Questionnaire (ACIS). Statistical analyses of information have done by spearman coefficient correlation, Mann Whitney and Wilcoxon tests.

Results: Spearman of correlation, mann-and wilcoxon Findings indicate: 1-The average grade of ACIS test in the group of schizophrenic patients were significantly lower than the group schizoaffective patients (P<0.00l). 2-The average of ACIS test in the group of inpatient was lower than the group of outpatient (p<0.00l). 3-No significant difference was found for the average grade of ACIS test in the group of male & female.

Conclusion: The obtained results show the weakness of communication and interaction skills in schizophrenic patient and also inpatients. The obtained results of this investigation give useful information about the communication and interaction skill of patient to the occupational therapists but application of this instrument needs more studies.

Objective: Because of the recent increasing in the number of counseling centers in Iran, evaluating them seems an unquestionable necessity and one of its most important components is assessing the client's satisfaction. So, the service satisfaction Scale-30 (Greenfield et al, 1989), Which is the product of UCSF's satisfaction research program, after being translated to Persian, was tested in an Iranian population for its psychometric properties.

Materials & Methods: First, in regard of its understandability, the scale was administered on 33 clients of nine centers. After a revision in the wording and sentencing of the translated scale based on the results of the first stage, it was administered again on another 121 clients (71% women, 29% men, and in a range of 18 to 65 years old) to determine its reliability, and eventually, on another 50 clients (78% women, 22% men, and in the ages between 18 to 75 years old) to determine its validity.

Results: The mean correlation of the answers (0.35) and the scale's Chronbach a coefficient (0.94) indicate a high internal consistency. Criterion validity was ascertained by calculating the correlation coefficient between the client's scores on the scale and their performance on three open-ended questions about their counseling experiences (0.53).

Conclusion: So, the score 95 was determined as the scale's cut-off point.

Objective: The present research is an analytic – descriptive study. We have done this study in order to identify the pathways to the psychiatric office in two different cities. We also have evaluated demographic findings, referral sources and the rate of visit by practitioners and traditional healers in all of the subjects.

Materials & Methods: The subjects were selected through random sampling. We have studied 1000 patients in Tehran and 2000 patients in Sirjan.

Results: The most of the all subjects were referred to the psychiatric office by their family and relatives. 2.8% of the patients in Tehran and 16.8% of the patients in Sirjan have gone to traditional healers before visiting by psychiatrist. During second year of study in Sirjan, the rates of referral cases have increased by specialists, relatives of the patients and medical and non-medical centers.

Conclusion: Increasing of knowledge of mental health to people in society and in medical centers by psychiatrists has special and important role in proper management of psychiatric patients.

Objective: This research was conducted to determine some characteristics of Iranian adolescent (<20 yrs.) addicts, including their sex, age of onset, type of abused drug, root of administration, history of cessation, family situation, socio-economic situation, psychiatric symptoms, attempted suicide, and perceived cause of being addict.

Materials & Methods: Among 500 clients of an outpatient addiction treatment center in Tehran, 65 persons whose ages were not more than 20 year old, were selected and the above mentioned factors were extracted from their records.

Results: Of them 98.46% were male. The least age of onset was 8. The most frequent abused drugs were opium and or heroin (79.99%). The most common root of administration was smoking (43.18% for opium and 57.14% for heroin). Seventy-six and ninety three percent of subjects had a history of cessation for at least one time. Disadvantaged socio-economic status (73.84%) and dysfunctional familial relations (60.00%) were also seen among them. All of the subjects had psychiatric symptoms (anxiety and / or depression) at the time of interviewing, while 21.53% of those had a history of admission in a psychiatric ward. Among the latter group, 28.57% also had a history of attempted suicide. The subjects’ most common perceived cause for initiating use of drug was emotional familial problems (61.53%).

Conclusion: The relative large contribution of youth among Iranian addict population (13%), especially along with an absolute high rate of cessation history in them (76.93%),indicating and early onset pattern of addiction in Iran. This requires serious preventive measures that seemingly should be promoting the youth socioeconomic status, emotional-familial state and mental health. More analytic studies are necessary to confirm these descriptive findings, especially for determining the risk and protective factors of addiction in adolescence.

Objective: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of burnout factors among the Personnel of therapeutic ward and bureaucrat ward in Razi psychiatric hospital. Evaluation of relationship between burnout and demographic factors of personnel, were another purpose of this study.

Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional and analytical study 250 personnel were selected through a multi clustral sampling. Due to non cooperation of some personnel, final analysis was performed on 198 questioners with Maslach and demographic questionnaires.

Results: The mean Maslach score was 29/06 with mild burnout. This score in the personnel of therapeutic ward was greater than the personnel of bureaucrat and their difference, were significant (P=0.007). There was a significant correlation between the mean emotional exhaustion and feelings of personal accomplishment scores in two groups (P<0.05) and no relation with the mean of depersonalization score (P=0.1). There was no significant relation between marital status and earning from this profession and burnout (P>0.05) but there was a significant correlation between sex in all of personnel (P=0.04) and weekly hours of work related to burnout in personnel of therapeutic ward (P=0.003).

Conclusion: There is a least level of burnout seen in the personnel of therapeutic group. We hope these results will be useful in strategic programs in psychiatry fields. Keywords: Burnout / Personnel of Therapeutic Ward / Personnel of Bureaucrat Ward / Razi Psychiatric Hospital

Objective: Accurate assessment of lumbar range of motion is of great value for both evaluating lumbar functions and monitoring treatment progress. Recent research indicates that there is no general consensus on the most valid and reliable method of measuring spinal range of motion. The purpose of this study was to determine the intra-rater reliability of lumbar flexion and extension measurements (within-day and between-days) using the dual inclinometer technique.  

Materials & Methods: Lumbar flexion and extension of 22 women (14 healthy and 8 with low back pain), were measured by the same examiner on three occasions. The first two measurements were taken with half an hour apart on the first occasion to assess the within-day reliability and the third measurement was taken one week later to assess the between-days reliability. 

Results: Within-day lumbar lordosis, flexion and extension measurements using dual inclinometer technique were shown to be very reliable with high Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) values (ICC were 98%, 77% and 69% for lordosis, flexion and extension measurements, respectively in healthy subjects and 94%, 95% and 69% for lordosis, flexion and extension measurements, respectively in patients group). Between-Days measurements also demonstrated high reliability with the high values of ICC (ICC were 96%, 70% and 67% for lordosis, flexion and extension measurements, in healthy subjects and 91%, 71% and 66% for lordosis, flexion and extension measurements, respectively in patients group).

Conclusion: The results indicated that, the dual inclinometer technique appears to be a highly reliable method for measuring lumbar lordosis, flexion and extension and can be used as a reliable tool in the assessment of lumbar range of motion and monitoring therapeutic interventions.

Objective Parents' satisfaction with the services for children with hearing loss is one of the most important indicators in evaluating the effectiveness of therapeutic and rehabilitation programs for such children. Accordingly, in the present study, the validity and reliability of the questionnaire for parents' satisfaction with the services provided for hearing-impaired children under the age of 6 years are examined .
Materials & Methods In this descriptive and analytical research work, the questionnaire under study was completed by 60 randomly selected parents in Tehran who had used the training and rehabilitation services of these centers for at least one year. Fifteen of these parents were re-tested to assess reliability. The questionnaire was composed of 5 subtests of satisfaction of structural facilities (7 questions), satisfaction of sanitation conditions (10 questions), satisfaction of services and performance of the center (18 questions), satisfaction of the communication and the behavior of the staffs (12 questions), and satisfaction of fees against the services (3 questions). Internal consistency in level item and scale, items correlation with the total scale, test-retest repeatability, face validity, and content validity were also evaluated. Finally, the available data were analyzed by using SPSS (version 17) software. The other statistical methods included the Cronbach's alpha coefficients, Spearman correlation, and the tests of Kolmogorov-Smirnov Friedman, Kruskal-Wallis, and U-Mann Whitney.
Results In relation to psychometric properties, 0.79 validity of the questionnaire and 90% reliability of internal consistency were obtained. Adequate correlations with the total scale were found for each item. In addition, the test-retest reliability was 75%. Most of the parents were found to be satisfied or pretty satisfied with most of the service areas of the centers, including overall satisfaction (69.5%), structural and environmental facilities (80.66%), sanitation conditions (75%), services and the performance of the center (91.66%), communication and stuff attitude (91.66%), and cost (55.5%). Among the items of the questionnaire, the greatest satisfaction was related to communication and staff attitude (SD=0.31, M=4.72), and the lowest satisfaction was with the fees of the service center (SD=0.62, M=3.27). The result of Spearman correlation between specific dimensions and overall satisfaction showed significantly positive correlation (P<0.01), which confirmed the validity of the questionnaire's structure. The satisfaction of services received, age, education, number of family members with disabilities, time to clinic and hearing parents were not significantly correlated.
Conclusion The results of this study suggest that the questionnaire has good validity and reliability. In addition, it seems that the parents' satisfaction is high with respect to the services of the centers. 

Objective Several studies have reported that bilingualism may affect cognitive processes. Second language acquisition takes place in a variety of ways. However, considering the fact that language training courses provided by institutes are expanding at a blistering pace, the effects of foreign language learning through the medium of language schools deserves a separate line of investigation in the realm of research pertaining to bilingualism. This study aimed at probing the effect of language learning on children by comparing the switching and creativity levels of those who undertook advanced English classes and others who did not.
Methods & Materials A cross-sectional, causal-comparative study was conducted. The population of this research included all monolingual and bilingual children in the age group of 13-15 years in Isfahan in the year 2015. Sixty-four children pursuing advanced levels of English (level RECE and REACH from the center of Iranian language and equivalent levels in other schools) were part of the intervention group, and 51 monolingual children of the same age group were selected as participants in the control group. The purposive sampling method was used. In order to evaluate and measure children's creativity in the monolingual and bilingual groups, the Torrance creativity questionnaire was used. The classic Stroop test D-KEFS CW was used to measure the ability of switching of monolingual and bilingual children. The data obtained was analyzed by way of descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), using SPSS software (version 22).
Results The results showed that there is a significant difference between children belonging to bilingual and monolingual groups in terms of switching (P<0.05). Bilingual children acted better in switching assignments than their monolingual counterparts. Also, there was a significant difference between the two groups with regard to the scores of fluency, flexibility, and elaboration (P<0.001), which are components of creativity. There was no significant difference between children in the two groups in terms of originality (P>0.01).
Conclusion In accordance with the results of the study, it can be concluded that learning English through educational institutions, and at an advanced level, significantly increases the switching capability in children as well as their scores across the three components of creativity (fluency, flexibility, and elaboration). Therefore, the role of second language acquisition should be highlighted because of its contribution to children's creativity and ability to switch. In general, better performances of children are attributed to the capability of switching languages, specific cognitive mechanisms used in the two systems of languages, their familiarity with a new culture and customs while learning a new language, the intensive training sessions as well as the special atmosphere prevailing in the classes.

Objective Balance system and postural control are one of the major problems in people with multiple sclerosis. Therefore, the assessment of the balance system and postural control is very essential. Identification and use of standard tools can be a practical solution for more purposeful plan in this issue. Several tools have been used to investigate the balance disorders in these patients, which solely able to screen equilibrium problems, and only predict the risk of falling in the elderly. These questionnaires cannot help the therapist to diagnose the underlying causes of imbalance and also are not useful in directing the purposeful therapeutic process. The Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) was designed from 1990 to 1999 by Dr. Horak in the Continues Medical Education System. This questionnaire is based on the Bernstein’s theory of motor control, and the test evaluates Biomechanical, Stability Limits, Postural Responses, Anticipatory Postural Adjustments, Sensory Orientation, and Dynamic Balance through 36 questions. The objective of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the BESTest evaluation system in patients with multiple sclerosis after providing a coherent version of the questionnaire in Persian.
Materials & Methods This is a methodological and non-experimental study. The BESTest questionnaire was translated by the researcher. The face validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by a survey of 21 patients with multiple sclerosis. The content validity of the questionnaire was further evaluated by a survey of 6 specialists in the field of rehabilitation (three occupational therapists and three specialists in the field of physiotherapy). After that, the BESTest questionnaire and Berg questionnaire were completed by two researchers (the author and another examiner) for 110 people diagnosed as multiple sclerosis, considering inclusion and exclusion criteria, from north, south, east, west, and center of Tehran in the years 2016-2017. After one week, 36 patients from the first stage were reevaluated in with a BESTest questionnaire by the researcher to evaluate the test-retest reliability. The internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, test-retest reliability by intra-class correlation coefficients traces, inter-rater reliability coefficients of correlation between the traces, and convergent validity between the two questionnaires (BESTest and Berg) with Pearson correlation coefficient were investigated.
Results The content validity of the questionnaire (the comprehensibility, relevance of the questions, and the cultural matching of words), which were measured by the CVR and CVI statistical methods, were approved by the specialist (CVI>0.79 and CVR>0.99). Pearson correlation coefficient between all the domains of the BESTest questionnaire (except for the second domain) with the score of the Berg questionnaire was between 0.79 and 0.93. Given that the numbers are above the minimum acceptable value of 0.70 indicates a good convergence between these two questionnaires. By removing a part of a 6th item from the second domain, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient calculated in all domains were between 0.71 and 0.93, which were much higher than the minimum acceptable value of 0.70. These results indicate an excellent internal consistency. Correlation coefficients between two testers in six domains were reported 0.76 to 0.98. Therefore, these coefficients were above 0.70 in all domains, which indicates the good reliability between two examiners. Furthermore, the Intra-sectional correlation coefficient for two repetitions of the questionnaire for the test-retest reliability of the test were 0.84 to 0.99, which were higher than 0.70 (minimum acceptable), which shows that the questionnaire has an excellent test-retest reliability. 
Conclusion  After changing and removing part of question 6 of the second domain, results demonstrated that the questionnaire BESTest is a valid and reliable test for assessing balance performance in multiple sclerosis patients. It can be used as an accurate tool, both in the areas of clinical (to evaluate the patients’ equilibrium status and purposeful therapy planning) and to apply for scientific research in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Objective Cognitive abilities can be affected by bilingualism because of the close relationship between cognition and language. In the current study, selective attention and intelligence profile in adolescents who were dominant learner of English with those who were not learner of English were compared.
Materials & Methods This study is a retrospective analysis and conducted by the cross-sectional method. This study included all adolescent who were dominant learners in English and non-learners adolescent (aged 13-15 years) in Isfahan in 2015. Adolescent aged 13-15 years (n=64) in advanced levels of English (level RECE and REACH from the center of Iranian language and equivalent levels in other schools) and non-learner subjects (monolingual, n=51, control group) were selected from Region 3 of Isfahan. Adolescents in both groups were chosen from the same institute. Sampling was performed by non-random sampling method. To evaluate and measure adolescent’s Intelligence profile in both groups, Gardner’s multiple intelligence questionnaires were used. The classic Stroop test D-KEFS CW was used to measure the ability of selective attention of dominant learners in English and of non-learners adolescent. The data obtained by the classic Stroop test D-KEFS CW and Gardner’s multiple intelligence questionnaires were analyzed through descriptive statistics and multivariate variance (MANOVA). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.
Results The results of the current study demonstrated that there is a significant difference between the two groups. Selective attention was different in dominant learners in English and non-learners adolescent as determined by the classic Stroop test D-KEFS CW (P<0.05). This suggests that reaction time for learners was less than the non-learners adolescent in the classic Stroop task D-KEFS CW. The result indicates their faster performance and subsequently demonstrates that learner adolescent’s functions are better than their non-learners counterparts in the classic Stroop test. Also, there is a significant difference between the scores of two groups in six components of intelligence profile including logical-mathematical intelligence and language intelligence (P<0.001) as well as in interpersonal intelligence, musical intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, and naturalist intelligence (P<0.05). The results demonstrated that the scores of the learners were significantly higher than their peers’ non-learners adolescent in the six components of multiple intelligences. This demonstrates that the learners were better than non-learners adolescent counterparts in the six components of the intellectual profile. The learners had better performances than their non-learners adolescent counterparts in selective attention, logical-mathematical intelligence, language intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, musical intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, and naturalist intelligence.
Conclusion Learning a foreign language (e.g. English) may be an effective factor in selective attention and intelligence profile of adolescents. Therefore, the role of learning a foreign language should be considered in selective attention and intelligence profile of adolescents.