Objective: This paper is a report on the development, structure and content of a diagnostic dyslexia reading test. The target population of this test is persian children who have problems in learning reading and may be considered as dyslexic. This diagnostic test is the first reading test developed for the native speakers of persian.

Materials & Methods: The theoretical framework of the test is based on two well- established reading tests for the English speaking children, namely Durrell Analysis of Reading and Neale Analysis of Reading Ability. The linguistic content of the subtests is selected from the vocabulary and texts of the textbook used in the primary schools. Both the vocabulary and the sentences of the parrallel passeges were controlled for frequency, phonemic/graphemic regularity, syllable structure, morphology, syntax and semantics. They were also controlled for value judgement by two linguistics and three first grader teachers.The first version of the test is normed on 605 boy and girl first graders from different educational sectors and schools selected randomly.The method used in this research is cross- sectional, descriptive- analytic and the data analysis is based on pearson, and mann-whitney u.

Results: Reliability of the test is calculated based on parrallel forms (~ 90%) and validity is based on content validity.This test has a supplementary section including spelling, graphem/ phoneme correspondness, nonword reading, irregular word reading, and copy subtests.

Conclusion: Considering highreliability and precise validation of the test it can be used to diagnose the dyslexia and related linguistic impairments.

Objective: Acoustic stimulation of auditory efferent system causes contralateral shift in the OAEs amplitude. In this study the contralateral suppression effect of pure tone & NBN at center frequencies of 1, 2 & 4 kHz Frequencies has been evaluated in the right ears of normal 19 to 27 years old adults. 

Materials & Methods: The data were elicited from 37 subjects (15 males & 22 females) with normal hearing who participated in this study. After determining the level of NBN by loudness adjustment between pure tone at 70 dBHL at 1, 2 & 4 kHz in left ear, EOAEs was measured using tone burst at central frequencies of 1, 2 & 4 kHz in right ear. Then the amplitude shift of TBEOAEs was evaluated at the presence of contralateral pure tone & NBN stimuli.

Results: There was a significant shift in the amplitude of TBEOAEs by contralateral stimulation of pure tone & NBN which was greater in NBN. The magnitude of amplitude shift was become greater at high frequencies of contalateral stimuli.

Conclusion: There was a decrease in the amplitude of TBEOAEs by contralateral stimulation and the stimulus with greater frequency band had geater effects on contralateral suppression. The impact of this effect was highly depend on the spectrum & frequency of contralateral stimuli.

Objective: In recent decades, it has been accepted that , deficiencies in phonological Awareness is related to reading problems, and phonological Awareness is the most important causal factor of dyslexia. Although recent researchers on naming speed skill reveal that this skill is orther possible source of dyslexia.

Materials & Methods: Present research has been fulfilled on 58 second elementary grade students on the aim of reviewing and comparing the phonological awareness and naming speed. There was 28 dyslexic subject and 30 normal people. There was analyzing of all collected information in this research by independent statistical “ T “ and U – man Whitney Test . Likewise, The correlation between phonological awarecess skills and naming speed in two subject groups by Pearson and Spearman correlated coefficint.

Results: Results shiwed that, it was significant differences detween both dyslexia and normal groups in mentioned skills, and dyslexic groupe is weaker than normal group for both skills. Furthermore, in this research there was not significant corellation between phonological awareness and naming speed. Keywords dyslexia/ phonological awarness/ naming speed.

Conclusion: consistent with the previous studies , the results of this study revealed that dyslexic individuals have problems in phonological awareness and naming speed . Also insignificant Correlation between the above skills may show that naming speed is independant of phonological awareness.

Objective: Fatigue process in patients with neck pain was happened more quickly than healthy persons and neck muscle fatigue increased body sway during standing, but there is less evidence about the behavior of these muscles in dynamic conditions such as external perturbation, so this study was done to investigate the effect of muscle fatigue on onset latency of upper trapezius muscle in posterior-anterior perturbation among patients with chronic neck pain and healthy individuals.

Materials & Methods: In this quasi experimental and interventional study 16 patients with chronic neck pain (intervention group) and 16 healthy individuals (control group) were selected by simple and convenient sampling and based on inclusive and exclusive criteria. Data collection was done by using questionnaire and doing some tests and the main equipments were dynamometer, accelerometer and surface electromyography. The weight equal to 30% of maximum voluntary contraction used to produce fatigue process and 10% of body weight used to produce perturbation. Independent T test, Paired T test and Repeated ANOVA were used for data analysis.

Results: There was significant difference in onset latency of upper Trapezius muscle in posterior – anterior perturbation between two groups, before (P=0.006) and after (P=0.026) fatigue. This means that the onset latency was increased in healthy individuals and decreased in patients after fatigue. Also, there was significant difference in onset latency of Trapezius muscle in posterior – anterior perturbation between before and after fatigue in patients group (P<0.001) and healthy persons group (P=0.04).

Conclusion: Pain can change the onset latency of trapezius muscle and possibly it can decrease muscle activity in deep muscle and change the pattern of muscle activation. Fatigue as an exaggerated risk factor can decrease onset latency of superficial muscle in patients with chronic neck pain to stabilize the system, that it can increase the risk of injury.

Objective: Considering the fact that children with Down Syndrome have a severe delay in language development which does not appear being improved by language therapy leaning on auditory modality, this research was aimed to compare the traditional educational method and reading method effects on receptive and expressive language of 4 – 10 years old Down Syndrome children with 40 – 60 I.Q scores.

Materials & Methods: In this quasi experimental and interventional research from Navide Asr Rehabilitation clinic in Tehran, Rezvan Rehabilitation clinic in Shahriar, Ehsan Rehabilitation clinic in Karaj and Down Syndrome Association of Karaj, 20 Down Syndrome children were selected by simple and convenient sampling from 96 Down Syndrome children and were allocated into two groups by balanced randomized method. The first group was educated by whole word reading method and the other group was educated by traditional method. Both groups had three 15-minute educational sessions per week for a period of 6-month. Languages of both groups have been examined by TOLD- P: 3 test as pre and post-test. The results were analyzed by statistical tests including Kolmogoroff - Smironoff (K-S), Independent-T-Test and Paired-T-Test.

Results: Independent-T-Test in both groups revealed no significant differences before education in receptive (P=0.452), expressive (P=0.1) and speech (P=0.428) Language, but after intervention period, the groups have significant statistical differences in all language portions such as receptive (P=0.043), expressive (P<0.001) and Speech (P<0.001).

Conclusion: Reading education has more effects on receptive and expressive language in children with Down syndrome than the other educational methods (traditional ones). Thus it seems that focusing on behavioral and cognitive phenotype of Down syndrome with emphasis on visual modality facilitates language development more than auditory modality, and aptitude training may have the best effects.

Objective: Phonological processes are the changes which children make in pronunciation while uttering words. The present study aimed at investigating phonological processes of 2-4 year old Farsi-speaking children.
Materials & Methods: The subjects of this cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study included 128 24-48 months old Farsi-speaking boys and girls without any auditory, visual, physical, mental, speech, language, emotional, structural and functional articulation disorders. They were selected by simple random selection method from nurseries of different areas of Tehran. The research tool was an experimental and researcher made test of phonological processes which were designed for this study, and composed of 43 one-to-four syllable words including all Farsi phonemes by which the categories of syllable structure, consonant substitution, vowel substitution, complete assimilation, replacement and other processes were gathered and assessed. The data were analyzed by Independent T-test, Man-Whitney, One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis.
Results: Findings showed no significant difference at phonological processes between boys and girls (P>0.05). Phonological processes showed a decrease trend by increasing age. Different age groups revealed significant difference in syllable structure (P<0.001), consonant substitution (P<0.001), vowel substitution (P=0.003) and complete assimilation (P=0.003).
Conclusion: The findings of the present research reveal that gender has no effect on phonological processes. But by increasing age, these processes decrease which may reflect greater mastery of older children on phonological perception and pronunciation.

Objective: Pragmatics is the study of speech acts and social aspects of communicative interactions in context. Hearing-impaired children suffer from language impairments due to lack of hearing sense which has important role in developing language skills. The purpose of this study is comparison of some of pragmatic skills including topic maintenance, turn-taking and repairs between 4 to 6 year-old Farsi speaking hard of hearing children with normal hearing peers.

Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional and case-control research, twenty one normal hearing children were chosen by simple random sampling method from ordinary kindergartens and twenty one hard of hearing children (71-95 db) were selected from deaf rehabilitation centers and speech therapy clinics of Tehran and Karaj by simple sampling method. The children of both groups were assessed by nonverbal intelligence subtests. If they did not show any difficulties, the pragmatic skills of them (topic maintenance, turn-taking and repair) were evaluated by researcher made tasks which their content validity was confirmed by a linguistic and two speech and language pathologists and reliability of them was determined by test-retest (0.70)

Results: There were significant differences between two groups in duration of topic maintenance (P<0.001), scores of turn-talking (P<0.001), repairs in form of reply to request for clarification (P=0.003) and request for clarification (P=0.002).

Conclusion: The pragmatic abilities of hearing-impaired children were Significantly lower than those of normal hearing.
 

Objective: Hearing impairment is the most common disability in birth. Many hearing impaired people suffer from language impairment such as metaphor comprehension. The purpose of this study is comparison of comprehension of metaphoric expressions in normal students with hearing impaired of junior high school sever.
Materials & Methods: In this descriptive–analytic and comparative research, fifty hearing students and twenty five hearing impaired students were selected in a simple random sampling from normal and exceptional schools. Two researcher- made tasks have been used. At first the content validity and then with test re test reliability of non metaphoric words (r=0.724) and metaphoric expression comprehension task were determined. Then task of non metaphoric words was performed. If the subjects answered more than 75 percent of words correctly and they had all of inclusion criteria, task of metaphoric expression comprehension task was performed. Data were analyzed by statistical test such as independent sample T test and one way ANOVA.
Results: There was significant difference in score of comprehension of metaphoric expressions between two groups (P<0. 001). The most number of incorrect answers of hearing impaired students were literal. In both groups, there was no significant difference in mean score of comprehension of metaphoric expressions between three grades of junior high school.
Conclusion: Hearing impaired students had no development in comprehension of metaphoric expressions in first, second and third grade of junior high school and they understand metaphoric expressions literally according to their incorrect answers. They need especial training because of their significant different with hearing students.

Objective: Many researchers believe hearing impaired people suffer from special disability in metaphor comprehension. This study was aimed to compare the comprehension of metaphoric expressions in mainstreaming sever hearing impaired and normal students of junior school in order to determine the source of metaphor comprehension impairment and find whether is this impairment due to their educational environment?

Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional and comparative study, 50 hearing student and 25 hearing impaired student were selected by simple randomized method and tested by two researcher made tasks. All examinee did non metaphoric words task. If they answered more than 75 percent of words correctly and they had all of inclusion criteria, metaphoric expression comprehension task was performed. Then the data were analyzed by statistical tests such as Independent sample T test and one way ANOVA.

Results: Mainstreaming hearing impaired students showed difference significantly in score of comprehension of metaphoric expressions (P<0/001). The numbers of literal incorrect answers were more than meaning incorrect answers in mainstreaming hearing impaired students. There were no significant differences between score of comprehension of metaphoric expressions task in first, second and third grade of junior high school in normal hearing students (P=0.401) and mainstreaming hearing impaired students (P=0.120).

Conclusion: Incorrect answers of mainstreaming hearing impaired students to test showed their incomplete comprehension from metaphoric expressions and significant difference between hearing impaired students and normal peers in comprehension of metaphoric expressions showed the educational environment of mainstreaming schools is not enough for understanding metaphoric expressions.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between working memory and sentence comprehension. Patients with Dementia of the Alzheimer´s type (DAT) and matched older volunteers were tested on a battery of working memory tests, as well as on test of sentence comprehension.

Materials & Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. Statistical population included all patients with Alzheimer disease who were registered in the center of Alzheimer (Imam Ali) in Tehran.10 patients randomly were selected among them, according to inclusive and exclusive criteria. For data collection, epidemiological information questionnaire, Mental Mini State Examination (MMSE), working memory tests and sentence comprehension were applied. Data were analyzed by Independent T-test and correlation analyses.

Results: Patients had impaired central executive processes in working memory (P=0.006), but showed normal effects of phonological and articulatory variables on span (P=0.480). On the sentence comprehension tasks (simple and complicated sentences), DAT patients showed significant differences with their peers (simple s. P=0.001, complicated s. P=0.004). Impairment in the central executive processes of working memory in DAT patients was correlated with the complicated sentences on the sentence comprehension tasks.

Conclusion: The results suggest that patients with DAT have working memory impairments that are related to their ability to map the meaning on sentences on to depictions of events in the world.

Objective: Behavioral problems constitute a wide range of childhood problems. Acquiring information regarding the behavioral problems in children with cerebral palsy is essential to identify and manage such problems and to promote psychological and mental health services for children with cerebral palsy. The purpose of this study was to describe behavioral problems in children with cerebral palsy.

Materials & Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 90 children with cerebral palsy, aged 4 to 12 years, referred to rehabilitation centers in Tehran in 2011, were selected by convenient sampling method. Children were assessed using parent version of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, chi-square and logistic regression tests were used for analyzing the data.

Results: The findings showed that the prevalence of behavioral problems in children with cerebral palsy was about 43.3 percent. According to sub-groups of diagnostic class of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the highest prevalence belonged to peer problems (82.2%) and the lowest prevalence was related to hyper activity problems (4.4%). There was a significant difference between IQ level, GMFCS level and Total Difficulties Scores (P<0.05).

Conclusion: As significant proportion of children with cerebral palsy suffers behavioral problems, specific educational and therapeutic programs are recommended.

Objective: Linguistic and metalinguistic knowledge are the effective factors for definitional skills. This study investigated definitional skills both content and form in children with specific language impairment.

Materials and Method: The participants were 32 Children in two groups of 16 SLI and 16 normal children, matched with age, sex and educational level. The SLI group was referred from Learning Difficulties Centers and Zarei Rehabilitation Center in Tehran, as well as the control group who was selected by randomized sampling from normal primary schools. The stimuli were 14 high frequency nouns from seven different categories. The reliability was calculated by interjudge agreement and the validity was assessed by content. Data was analyzed using independent T-test.

Results: There were significant differences between mean scores of content and form of the definitional skills in two groups. The mean and SD scores of the content of word definition were M= 45.87, SD=12.22 in control group and M=33.18, SD= 17.60 for SLI one, out of possible 70 points (P= 0.025). The mean and SD scores of the form of word definition were M= 48.87, SD= 9.49 in control group and M= 38.18, SD= 12.85 for SLI one, out of 70 points (P= 0.012).

Conclusion: Based on the results, it was concluded that, language problems of the SLI children may not let them semantic represention in order to form and present a complete process of word definition. Although this skill in children with SLI is inadequate, all the definitions given by SLI children were consistent with the categories of content and form of word definition used in this study. Therefore, an exact planning and intervention by speech and language pathologist can be effective for this skill. Linguistic intervention especially in semantic and grammatical aspects not only improves the definition of familiar words but also it might be useful for the definition of new words, consequently lead to educational and communication achievement of children with SLI.

Objective: In recent years many papers have emphasized on the relationship between specific language impairment (SLI) and significant weakness in non word repetition task (NRT). The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of NRT training on some related linguistic indicators in children with SLI.

Materials & Methods: In this single subject study with multiple baselines examine the effect of NRT training on some language indicators, in four available children with SLI aged 6/6 to7/6. The language indicators include mean length of utterance (MLU), the percent of content morphemes, inflectional morphemes and grammatical morphemes. In order to determine the effect of NRT training, effect size index was applied.

Results: The effect sizes of MLU in all of them were high. This training also increased the percent of content morphemes in three subjects. Although it had no effect on one of them. Training made grammatical morphemes increase in three subject but it decrease in one them. Finally Three subjects showed decrease on the index of inflectional morphemes and one of them showed increase.

Conclusion: considering effect size, it seems that NRT training improves language indicators in SLI group. As conclusion NRT training would be recommended for SLI group. Key words: specific language impairment/ verbal working memory (phonological loop)/ non word repetition task/ Mean Length of Utterance/ morphology/  teract

Objective: Dynamic stability in shoulder is an important element in life and any disorder in muscular function which helps maintain this stability leads to shoulder pathology. One of these disturbing factors is fatigue. According to the research team information until now there has not been a study investigated systematically the effect of fatigue on shoulder girdle biomechanics. So the purpose of this systematic review is to determine the effect of muscle fatigue on normal shoulder girdle biomechanics.

Materials & Methods: This study is a systematic review based on search in PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, Ovid, CINAHL, Science Direct, ProQuest, Thompson, EMBASE and Medline databases for the period of 1995- 2012. The keywords used were Shoulder, Muscle Fatigue, Proprioception and Kinematics. Two levels of reevaluation were used on 350 citations.

Results: The search strategy resulted in 350 results out of which 22 papers met the criteria for this study. Variation among studies in terms of sample size, fatigue protocol and method of measurement were investigated.

Conclusion: Evidences demonstrated muscle fatigue leads to change in activation pattern of muscles shoulder girdle and consequently kinematics as well as reduction in proprioception during different positions and movements in both scapulothoracic and glenohumeral joints. Generally the results indicated that there are sufficient evidences based on the effect of fatigue on the muscular fatigue has disturbance effects on shoulder girdle kinematics and could alter the normal biomechanics.

Objective: Neck pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders. Structural and functional alteration of cervical muscles is a commonly-reported complication of chronic neck pain (CNP). Measurement of muscle thickness is an acceptable way to evaluate muscle morphological structure. Therefore, this study aimed to measure cervical extensor muscles thickness in individuals with chronic nonspecific neck pain and healthy controls using ultrasonography so as to evaluate structural differences between the 2 groups.

Materials & Methods:  A total of 30 female volunteers (15 individuals with nonspecific CNP and 15 controls) participated in this casual comparative  study. Thickness of cervical extensor muscles, including multifidus, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis, and upper trapezius at the level of the forth cervical vertebrae were measured using ultrasonography in resting position. Independent t test was performed to analyze the data by using the spss 20 software.

Results: The thicknesses of cervical multifidus and semispinalis cervicis muscles in patients with CNP were smaller than those of controls with P=0.03 and P=0.01, respectively. There were no significant differences between two groups regarding the thicknesses of semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis, and upper trapezius muscles (P>0.05).

Conclusion: Reduced multifidus and semispinalis cervicis thickness seen in the present study indicates deep neck extensor muscles atrophy and weakness in patients with neck pain. However, there were no differences between two groups with regard to superficial muscles thicknesses. Accordingly, exercise therapy for deep muscles should be considered in the management of patients with nonspecific CNP.

Objective Speech and language disorders, when happening during childhood will ultimately lead to important negative outcomes in the life of the child. The farther we move from this critical period, that is, the first 3 years of life, the less will be the positive effects of environmental stimuli on the development of speech and language. Early detection of children at risk for or in the preliminary phases of developmental delays and provision of early intervention services for them is of utmost importance. The objective of this research was to compile and produce protocols for early intervention in childhood speech and language developmental disorders in Iranian children.
Materials & Methods This study was conducted in two main phases: review phase and qualitative phase. In the review phase, all accessible search engines and databases, especially those for systematic reviews and guidelines were searched. In the qualitative study phase, several focus group discussions and rounds of Delphi were carried out with 20 experts in 7 subgroups, who were selected purposively.
Results The result of this study is presented as 7 intervention packages, including the following domains of disorders: prelingual lingual speech and language hearing impairment, speech sound, dysphagia, stuttering, and dysarthria 

Conclusion Most studies have confirmed the effectiveness and need for early interventions for children with speech and language impairment. However, most do not explain the details of these interventions. Before the present study, no systematic and evidence-based protocol existed for early intervention in childhood speech and language impairments, in Iran; and due to language differences, as well as possible differences in the speech and language developmental process of children of different communities, making direct use of non-Persian references was not possible and effective. Thus, there was a clear demand for the production of such a protocol.

Objective Stuttering can negatively impact the quality of life and cause psychosocial problems for individuals who stutter. The Overall Assessment of the Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering for Adults (OASES-A) is a comprehensive psychological test containing four components in which the fourth one focuses on the quality of life. The main purpose of this study is to examine the quality of life in individuals with and without stuttering, as well as the relationship (correlation) between stuttering severity and each component of OASES-A test in people who stutter.
Materials & Methods Fifty-six adults with stuttering and 56 adults without stuttering participated in this cross-sectional study, and they were matched on age, sex, educational level, and vocation. The stratified random sampling method was used for the survey. The Stuttering Severity Instrument was used to evaluate the severity of stuttering through the oral reading of a 200-word (448-syllabic) text. Similarly, the quality of life was determined by the overall assessment of the speaker’s experience of stuttering. Afterward, independent t-test, Chi-square test, correlation test, Levene’s test, and Spearman’s correlation coefficient were employed to analyze the relationship between quality of life and the components of the OASES test. The data analysis was performed with SPPS version 16.
Results Our results showed that the mean quality of life score of people who stutter was higher than that of non-stuttering people, and this difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). We also found a significant correlation between stuttering severity and the quality of life (P<0.001). In addition, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of age (P>0.68), gender (P>0.9), education level (P>0.65), and vocation (occupation) (P>0.92). 
Conclusion Based on the OASES-A characteristics, people who stutter had a lower level of quality of life. It was also found that the quality of life of people with mild and moderate stages of stuttering was better than the people at severe and very severe stages. In addition, age, gender, education, and vocation were found to affect the quality of life. Therefore, it is important to make positive changes in the psychological aspect of the assessment and treatment processes of adults with stuttering. In addition, attitude should be considered for better interactions in daily communications and to improve the quality of life.

Objective Structural deformities can impair different body functions, and kyphosis is one of the most common postural deformities. It seems that kyphosis induces unfavorable effects on the respiratory system. Impairment of pulmonary function, in turn, affects spirometer indices significantly. Some previous studies have indicated a positive influence of corrective structural exercise on kyphosis. Recently, respiratory muscle exercises were considered as one of the treatment methods of pulmonary disease. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the influence of structural corrective and respiratory exercises, for a period of six weeks, on cardiorespiratory indices of male children, afflicted with kyphosis
Methods & Materials The study population included male students in the age group of 10-12 years in the city of Bandarabbas. After obtaining signed consent forms from their parents, 34 boys with kyphosis were selected using the convenience sampling method. The extent of kyphosis among the participants was measured using flexicurve. Only kyphosis cases with an angle of 40 or more were selected, assimilated, and divided into three groups. The first group underwent structural corrective exercises (n=10), the second group partook in respiratory muscle exercises (n=12), and the third group was the control group (n=12) in accordance with kyphosis level. Respiratory indices including inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV), forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory volume in 1st second (FEV1) were measured using the spirometer, and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was measured using a 20 m shuttle test before and 24 hours after the last session of exercise/training. Exercise/training was undertaken for six weeks, with three sessions per week and progressively. The findings were evaluated using SPSS software version 21. After confirming the normality of the findings with the help of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to statistically compare post-experiment variables of the three groups by controlling the possible influence of pre-experiment variables. 
Results The results of the study indicated that IRV (P=0.001), ERV (P=0.001), FVC (P=0.001), and MVV (P=0.001) increased significantly in the respiratory exercise group compared with the control. Similarly, IRV (P=0.001), ERV (P=0.001), FVC (P=0.007), and MVV (P=0.001) also increased significantly in the respiratory exercise group compared with the structural corrective exercise group. But, there was no significant difference in FEV1 (P=0.126), VO2max (P=0.490), and kyphosis degree (P=0.380) between the study groups.
Conclusion According to our findings, it can be concluded that there is an improvement in cardiopulmonary function indices following respiratory exercises. Keeping in mind the ease with which they can be performed and the fact they do not require special devices, it can be firmly stated that respiratory muscle exercises are more efficient than other corrective exercises during a brief intervention period (six weeks). With regard to the approved influence of structural corrective exercise in kyphosis in previous studies and its relatively inadequate influence in the present study, it seems that corrective exercises need a comparatively longer duration (probably 12 weeks) to prove effective. A limitation of this study was the lack of controlling false habits in daily physical activities and postures that could have had an influence on kyphosis. Its evaluation is recommended for future studies.