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Volume 9, Issue 3 (Autumn & Winter 2008)
Objective: Among the traditional and modern drugs, appearance and spreading of ecstasy drugs is a new phenomenon that has affected different nations, among them Iranian youth. While, it seems that unawareness in society of these industrial drugs, has a great influence in spreading its use. This research was conducted to evaluate students' knowledge about the effects of ecstasy drugs.
Materials & Methods: This study is a descriptive and cross-sectional research. 154 high school students, by simple random sampling, in district 9 of Tehran were selected and their awareness about research object were evaluated by researcher made questionnaire. The face validity of questionnaire was confirmed by specialists consideiation and its rehabilitee was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (r = 0.85). Data were analyzed by Correlation coefficient and Mann-Whitney U.
Results: 14.7 percent of responses were incorrect, and 38 percent were don’t know. Students' awareness of accidents and bad effects of ecstasy drugs is in a low level. There was no significant difference between boys and girls' knowledge about the effects of ecstacy (P= 0.573). Also, there was no significant relation between student sexuality and their awareness about Ecstasy side effects (P=0.572).
Conclusion: Students' knowledge about the Effects of ecstasy drugs is in a low level (47.3 percent).
Volume 12, Issue 4 (Winter 2012)
Objective: In this study, using nonlinear dynamics methods, dynamic stability index was used to assess the effect of perturbation training on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficient patients.
Materials & Methods: Non-randomized sampling was employed to recruit male athletes with at least 6 months elapsed after their ACL lesion. Using tilt boards, 10 sessions of perturbation training were done. Lower limb kinematics were recorded using electrogoniometers during walking before and after the training. Knee kinematic data of 60 gait cycles was used to calculate dynamic stability index. Time series were reconstructed in five dimensions then finite-time lyapunov exponent was calculated for seven subjects before and after training. Wilcoxon nonparametric test was used to assess the impact of training.
Results: The value of the dynamic stability index before and after training was computed as and , respectively. Statistical analysis showed that dynamic stability index of gait improved significantly in ACL deficient patients after perturbation training (P=0.016).
Conclusion: Perturbation training improved the dynamic stability of ACL deficient patients. Therefore using nonlinear dynamics methods one can establish an effective theoretical basis for designing and assessment of specific ACL rehabilitation. Such methods could be used in functional assessment of other interventions that affects body movement such as gait.
Volume 13, Issue 3 (Autumn 2012)
Objective: In this research the effect of perturbation training on correlation index of detrended fluctuation analysis index (&alpha) of anterior cruciate ligament deficient (ACL) patients was evaluated using nonlinear dynamic methods.
Materials & Methods: The study was done on ten male athletes with at least 6 months elapse after their ACL lesions. Subjects were selected using non-probability sampling technique. Stride time for about 270 gait cycles for each patient was recorded and used for detrended fluctuation analysis.
Results: Analysis showed difference in values of &alpha between primary and shuffled data which indicates a non-trivial trend of data structure. According to the range of &alpha (0.5>&alpha>1), long time correlation between gait cycles was found. Also, the results showed no significant difference on &alpha before and after training (P=0.515).
Conclusion: The results showed persistent patterns in time series which are similar to slow/ speed walking patterns. Also, it can be concluded that, according to their correlation values, ACL deficient patients had a similar behavior to healthy people.
Volume 18, Issue 4 (Winter 2018)
Objective Spinal cord injury is a major problem for all communities that affect personal and social aspects of the patient’s life. The most common issues that spinal cord injury patients face are paralysis, muscle atrophy, pain, and spasticity. The ability to walk also may be disrupted or lost in many of the patients with spinal cord injury. Most common approaches to rehabilitation for patients with spinal cord injury are the emphasis on healthy neuromuscular sections to promote these sectors and compensate existing defects. But recent studies have reported that the neuromuscular system is capable of plasticity and after spinal cord injury is necessary to pay attention to health and impaired neuromuscular parts of the body. Gait training is one of the rehabilitation approaches that is trying to recruit impaired neuromuscular parts and improve them. This rehabilitation is performed in different ways. In this study, the effect of body weight supported treadmill training on balance and quality of life in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury was evaluated.
Materials & Methods This is a quasi-experimental study. Patients with incomplete spinal cord injury (n=15) aged 26 and 48 years with a chronic (>1 year post-injury), grade D=4 and C=11 (according to American spinal cord injury association scale [ASIA]) voluntarily participated in this study. Sampling was conducted from hospitals and spinal cord injury rehabilitation centers of Tehran. For intervention, the patient was in the body weight support system. Patients’ weight supported and suspended with harnesses and lifter of the body weight support system to the extent that knees were not bent in stance phase and fingers can’t be dragged into swing phase. Treadmill speed and amount of weight support adjusted depending on the patient’s conditions. Intervention applied for eight weeks and three sessions a week. Each session lasted 30 minutes. Outcome measures were Berg balance scale and SF-36 questioner. The quality of life evaluated before and after the intervention. Berg balance scale was evaluated at baseline and every two weeks throughout the intervention. The results were compared with each assessment. Repeated measure ANOVA test used for analysis of the scores of Berg balance scale and SF-36, paired t-test used.
Results The evaluation results indicated that the scores of Berg balance scale, increased significantly compared to the previous stage in each reevaluation. Between the various stages of evaluation, the maximum difference was between the second and third stages (P=0.008) that were after two and four weeks after the first session respectively. The score of SF-36 showed no significant difference. Between 8 items that measured in SF-36 questioner, just score of »emotional roll functioning « increased significantly (P=0.006).
Conclusion According to achieved results, eight weeks body weight supported treadmill training can improve the balance of the patients with spinal cord injury. It was observed that the gait training with stimulation and use of proprioceptors and increase of patient’s confidence in walking and standing positions improve the patient’s balance. The patients were also able to control the internal and external perturbations and maintain the better balance. But eight weeks gait training had no significant effect on the quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury which suggest that more extended rehabilitation is required.
Volume 19, Issue 3 (Autumn 2018)
Materials & Methods Routines are a set of daily and regular activities that play an important role in the development of the child and the family. These activities include building the structure for daily life, developing social skills, academic skills, speech skills, facilitating family relationships, and creating a sense of belonging among family members. This study examines the routines of families of children with autism.
Results Routines are related to family health. However, following routines in the families of children with autism are difficult due to factors associated with the child such as lack of flexibility, problematic behaviors and sensory-processing problems; factors associated with care givers, such as parents’ anxiety or marital problems; and environmental factors such as the lack of access to autism healthcare services in less populated and remote areas. Thus, parents of children with autism face the challenge of creating and maintaining the routines. A child with autism usually takes the center of family structure and activities. This condition will eventually end in controlling the daily routines of families. In other words, a significant portion of the daily life of the family is linked to the needs of the child with autism. Some routines such as eating and sleeping have been specifically addressed as challenging routines. The structure of routines takes shape around the needs of the child, rather than the whole family, and in some cases, the needs of other family members are ignored. The presence of a child with autism in the family negatively affects the development of meaningful interactions. The pervasive nature of autism leads to inflexible, child-focused routines and limited emotional and social experiences during everyday life activities in their families. Despite the challenges that families of autistic children may have to participate in routines, these families try to engage in challenging routines, which have meaning and importance for them, to learn their child’s endurance. They do not give a chance to the child with autism to decide for their family and collaborate with family members.
Conclusion Despite the important role of routines in the growth and health of the child and the family, it seems that the disabling nature of autism with its many complications, which overshadows other family planning affect the quantity and quality of family participation in activities and developing meaningful routines. Although the development of a child with autism has a burden on the family, inability to create interactions, understanding the child, and communicating among family members makes the situation in the family more problematic. As a result, the families of children with autism are unable to create and maintain effective routines for the optimal participation of family members that eventually leads to the loss of family integrity and solidarity.
Volume 20, Issue 2 (Summer 2019)
Materials & Methods This was a non-experimental methodological study. The statistical population of the study consisted of all children with autism in Tehran City, Iran. Among them, 100 parents of children with autism referring to autism centers and private clinics in Tehran were selected by the convenience sampling method; they were entered into the study, according to the inclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria were the diagnosis of autism by a child psychiatrist, based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V), the age of 3-11 years, and the absence of blindness, deafness, epilepsy, and other disabilities in the child. Moreover, the subjects with no desire to cooperate or uncompleted the questionnaires were excluded from the study. The required data were collected using demographic information questionnaire and FTRI completed by parents. After obtaining the permission of the designer of the questionnaire for translation and the investigation of its psychometric properties, the questionnaire was translated according to the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) project. The face validity and content validity of the questionnaire were evaluated using experts and parents’ opinions; then, a preliminary test was conducted in which the questionnaire was completed by 10 parents of children with autism to determine the appropriate time to complete the questionnaire. Consequently, 100 parents of children with autism completed the demographic information questionnaire and FTRI. Furthermore, to determine the test-retest reliability, after 2 weeks, 33 parents of children with autism re-completed the questionnaire. To examine the face validity, item impact score was calculated. To assess the content validity, Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) was used. Internal Consistency Coefficient (ICC) was used for assessing the test-retest reliability of the scale. Moreover, the internal consistency of the whole questionnaire and its subscales was assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient.
Results Item impact score for all items of the questionnaire was over 1.5. The CVR for each item of the questionnaire was between 0.8 and 1 and for the whole questionnaire was equal to 0.87. The CVI for the items of the questionnaire was between 0.83 and 1 and for the whole questionnaire was equal to 0.97. Additionally, the intraclass correlation coefficient for the total score was equal to 0.96 and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.88. Moreover, the lowest Cronbach's alpha coefficient related to the subscale of child routines (0.70) and the highest related to the subscale relative's connection routines (0.86).
Conclusion The obtained results indicated that FTRI has acceptable validity and reliability in the Iranian samples and can be a useful research and clinical tool for assessing the family routines.
Volume 21, Issue 1 (Spring 2020)
Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the study population was all patients with multiple sclerosis in Isfahan City in February 2018. That was conducted in Isfahan province, 96 patients with MS (22.9%male and 77.1% female) were selected with convenience sampling method. To collect the data, after informing the participants about the subject and purpose of the study, obtaining informed consent letter, and also ensuring confidentiality of the information to the researcher, a demographic questionnaire was completed. The Mini Mental State Examination questionnaire was completed by participants, and then the Expanded Disability Status Scale scores were recorded for each person by the neurologist. At the end, Craig hospital inventory of environmental factors were provided to the participants. Finally, Data were analyzed by SPSS V. 16.
In order to describe the data, the mean and standard deviation were used. The normal distribution of data was done by Shapiro-Wilk test. Pearson correlation coefficient, ANOVA and post hoc by LSD method test were used to analyze the data at a significance level of 0.05. Also, considering that the ANOVA test is susceptible to variance inequality, Levin test was conducted to evaluate the equality of variances.
Results: Physical and structural barriers are the major barriers to participation of multiple sclerosis patients (12.05±8.62) and the field of work and school is the minor barrier of participation (2.24±4.16). Furthermore, the findings Also result showed there is no statistical relationship between the demographic variables (such as age, sex, disability status and cognitive status) and level of confrontation with the environmental barriers of participation (P>0.05). Comparison of the mean of confrontation to environmental barriers to participation Based on education level showed that there is a significant difference between the services and assistance subscale and different levels of education. The highest mean score was for the under diploma education group and the lowest was for the Bachelor's degree and higher group. There is no significant difference in other subscales of participation.
Conclusion: According to this findings among the environmental factors that can potentially affect the participation of patients with MS, field of physical and structural barriers were strongest factor which can restrict their participation in personal and social activities. Physical and structural barriers have been introduced in various studies as the most important limiting factor for participation in people with disabilities, especially those with neurological disorders. Therefore, maintaining the participation of these people in the community is a priority in adopting special measures in the field of removing physical and structural barriers.
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