Mental disorders are present in a large percentage of the older adults and psychotherapeutic medications are most commonly used to manage behavioral problems. Elderly leads to multiple chronic diseases, disability, declining function and frailty that affecting it. Chronologic age is only one determinant of the changes pertinent to drug therapy that occur in older people. Drug usage patterns also change as a result of the increasing incidence of disease with age and tendency to prescribe heavily for patients in hospitals and old folks’ homes. General changes in the lives of older people have significant effect on the way of the medications is used too. This article discusses about drug metabolism (with specific consideration on the psychotropic drugs), psychotropic drugs consumption and prescription in elderly with psychiatric disorders wl.ich use to various articles.

Objective: Sensor neural hearing impairments (SNHI) are not curable, and in the optimal situation, the most appropriate method is using hearing aids and aural habilitation. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the ear symptoms and hearing aid’s complains and also to study the correlation between these two variables. We would like to encourage the therapists to pay more attention to the medical care follow-up and outcomes of aural habilitation.

Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive analytic study. It was executed by a cross-sectional method on 95 SNHL children. Each case was examined by otolaryngologist and middle ears were assessed by Impedance Audiometry. Data were analyzed by Chi- square.

Results: 38% of children who complained from their hearing aids had external otitis media. K Square showed a significant correlation (P=0.002) between external otitis and children’s complains about hearing aids. 33% of children who complained from their ears, had abnormal tympanogram. Again K Square showed a significant correlation (P=0.005) between ear symptoms and abnormal tympanogram.

Conclusion: External and middle ear infections in SNHL are as common as other normal hearing children. It can also be suggested as one of the important reasons in hearing aids dissatisfaction. So, regular otologic examination and audiometric evaluation in SNHL children are seriously recommended.

Objective: This study was conducted to improve the body image and self-esteem among breast cancer patients after mastectomy.

Materials & Methods: Our study comprised of 23 breast cancer patients in Imam Hossein Hospital, aged between 30-60 years, all of whom had undergone mastectomy and then radiotherapy. The study participants were selected through purposeful sampling and then randomly assigned to the case (10) and control (13) groups. The intervention program (cognitive behavioral group intervention) consisted of 12 sessions of intervention (2 sessions per week) each taking 90 minutes, in a 6 week process. Both group members completed the “body image and relationships scale” and the “Pope self- esteem questionnaire” before and after training. Analysis of covariance to eliminate the pretest effect on posttest results and ANOVA to determine the differences between the groups were used through SPSS 18 in this study.

Results: This intervention was significantly effective on improving the mean score of body image and self- esteem in the breast cancer/mastectomy patients of the case group compared to that of the control group (P<0.01).

Conclusion: Thus, cognitive behavioral group intervention can be effective in improving body image and increasing self-esteem among women with breast cancer after mastectomy.