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Objective: The impact of alcohol and other drugs increase dramatically in adolescent's lives when their parents are dependent drug users. Not only the children are at risk of developing drug users, but also they are at risk of developing drug related problems later in their life. They may also suffer other social and psychological problems.

Matetials & Methods: The present study focusing on psychosocial problems of adolescents with addicted father, Uses the (s.c.l-90) and educational conditions Questionnaires.  It is a "Case-control" study. Our samples include 40 adolescents with "addicted father" and 80 with "non-addicted father". The addicted fathers were chosen randomly from Gharchak rehabilitation center. The adolescents ages were between 12-18 years old chosen randomly and matched by variables such as sex, age, education.

Results: The result of the study shows a significant differences between the psychosocial problems of adolescents with "addicted father" and "non-addicted" ones, (p<0.05). So such that in our case group we see a higher drop in school subject anxiety and interactional disorders.

Conclusion: It seems that there is a correlation between the addiction of father and psychosocial problems of their children.

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Objective: This Study was aimed to determine the educational situation of rehabilitation branches in welfare and Rehabilitation University.

Materials & Methods: This descriptive evaluation was performed using the viewpoints of undergraduate students studying in 3rd and 4th year together with the postgraduates in their 2 nd year that practiced the census of 160 students. The data was gathered using the questionnaire with the collaboration of studernts' representatives and analysed utilizing the likurt Index through the correlation coefficient.

Results: Final findings of this research showed that the situation of evaluation for each educational heading is as follows: The situation of location for theoretical classess " rather desirable" and for practical classes "rather desirable". The Situation of practical classes "undesirable" , The status of classes affairs office "rather desirable" the status of educational experts "rather desirable" , the situation of lessons planning "undesirable" , the situation of presenting the theoretical lessons "rather desirable " the situation of education in clinical centers " undesirable" and the situation of clinical centers "undesirable".

Conclusion: From all the student's viewpoints it concludes that situation of classes location, status of classes affairs office and, quality of theoretical classes are rather desirable but situation of practical classes and quality of clinical education are undesirable. Among educational groups speechtherapy department had better than others.

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Objective: The goal of this study was to determine effectiveness of Bobath, conductive education (CE) and education to parents on activity daily living (ADL) in educable children with cerebral palsy, 3-5 years old.

Materials & Methods: This research was a Quasi-experimental and interventional with pre - post study design that performed on 45 children with cerebral palsy from Valyasr rehabilitation foundation clinics. They were selected by simple sampling and matched from sex, age, IQ and disorder type and were assigned to three groups by simple randomize method (15 Bobath, 15 CE, 15 education to parents). Clinical tests were goodenough and client development evaluation report (CDER). The data were analyzed by statistical tests such as Wilcoxon signed, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-whitney U.

Results: Three groups had significant improved in activity of daily living (ADL) after treatment (P<0/001). There was significant difference in total function of activity of daily living between three groups after treatment (P<0/001). The most effective approach was conductive education (CE), then education to parent and Bobath There were significant relations between function difference of three groups in 13 sub tasks of 17 ADL subtasks (P<0/05).

Conclusion: Bobath, conductive education (CE) and education to parent’s approaches improve skills of activity of daily living, but in CE approach, group educations causes better improvement in social communication and practical educations and programs increase improvement of ADL skills.

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Objective: One of the most widespread cardiovascular disorders is Heart failure and is expressed as a chronic, progressive and disabling disorder .Many research have shown that quality of life in heart failure patients is low. one of the promoting ways of quality of life is self care education. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of self care education on quality of life among heart failure patients .

Materials & Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental research which is done on 126 heart failure patients whom were selected from persons referring to Tehran Rajaei Heart Center and were assigned equivalently in intervention and control group by the way of randomly permuted blocks. Data collection was tooled by demographic specification form, questionnaire of quality of life of heart failure patients and “European heart Failure Self-Care Behaviour Scale”. Intervention group patients lied in 6 groups, each group contents of 10 persons for education and participants were educated in 4-6 sessions. The educational package was given to these patients, finally. Time for each session was 30-45 minutes. For data analyzing, Paired T-test and Independent T-test, Chi-square, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Levens test and analyze of covariance were used.

Results: There was no significant difference between two groups in total quality of life (P=0.214) and self care (P=0.795) before intervention, but after intervention these differences were significant (P<0.001). Also, there were significant differences between two groups after intervention in average of physical-activity, socio-economical, mental and general health dimensions of quality of life (P<0.001). Quality of life and self care of intervention group were more significantly than before intervention (P<0.001), but there was no significant difference between before and after score of quality of life (P=0.154) and self care (P=0.431) in control group.

Conclusion: Results of study show that the education of self care was effective on quality of life among heart failure patients and researchers recommend this intervention as a one of the suitable and benefit styles for promoting the quality of life in these patients.

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Objective: Cerebral palsy is a non progressive disorder in body posture and movement, due to different etiologies. Different rehabilitation interventions include conductive education have been used in these children. This study was performed to determine the effect of conductive education (CE) on gross motor function in children with spastic CP (3-6 year olds).

Materials & methods: This study was Quasi-experimental and interventional. The study populations were 3-6 year olds CP spastic children in Tehran city. The reachable samples were referent to vali-e-asr rehabilitation foundation, among them 20 children acquired the entrance qualification for intervention. The clinical tests were Wechsler intelligence scale for evaluating of (IQ) and GMFM-66 (Gross Motor Function Measure) for evaluating gross motor function.

Results: There are significant difference in gross motor functional abilities after using CE (P<0.003). Evaluation of the condition before and after each of the functional levels showed that the best result of using CE is seen on children at III level. But evaluation comparing of motor performance levels showed no significant difference (P>0.466).

Conclusion: CE is an effective approach in children with CP and it could cause meaningful improvement in gross motor function of children with CP and this approach is useful for all children with CP in different levels of motor function.

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Objective: The purposes of this study were: 1) Determination the correlation between gross motor function of children with cerebral palsy and their level in Gross motor function Classification System2) Evaluation and comparison of changes in gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy based on their severity.

Materials & Methods: In this longitudinal and in terventional study 30 children with CP (4-12 years) were recruited from some of Tehran rehabilitation clinics based on pre determined inclusion criteria. then this children based on their level in gross motor classification system were divided non randomly into three groups (mild, moderate and sever). For data collection demographic information questioner, Gross motor Classification system and Gross motor function measure were used. Data were collected before and after intervention. Intervention included two conventional occupational therapy sessions per week and lasted for three months. Data were analyzed by Spearman correlation coefficient, Wilcoxon, Man-whitney and Kruskal Wallis test.

Results : There was inverse correlation between gross motor function level and gross motor function of children in pre & post occasion. in pre test occasion the mean of gross motor function in mild group was significantly higher than moderate & sever group and there was significant difference between moderate and sever group but in the post test occasion there was no significant difference between mean of gross motor function in moderate and mild group and the mean of gross motor function in moderate group was significantly higher than severe group .The most changes in gross motor function were seen in level 3 and 4.

Conclusion: The highest increase in gross motor function after occupational therapy services was obtained by children in level 3 of gross motor classification system.

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Today, there are several interpretations by therapists about the concept, implementation, and training aspects of handling of children with cerebral palsy (CP). This has created conflicts and differences in teaching handling for parents and caregivers. Moreover, handling is not clearly defined in the theoretical frameworks underlying occupational therapy (OT). Therefore, the main aim of this study was to provide an overview on handling in the children with CP.

This study was a two- stage review of the national and international databases between 1990 and 2012. Out of the 2657 articles Obtained, we have studied 50 relevant full texts related to the topic. Based on the exploration articles and documents, There are several different definitions about handling. It seems that, handling is a special care of children with CP in the occupational performance area and in the domains of self-care, mobility, and social function. Doing proper handling activities, not only is essential to improve the child health but also for parents. All sections of handling are placed on the activity and participation domain of ICF-CY in the domestic life chapter. Although, handling is the main component in the OT, there is no precise and comprehensive definition of the concept yet, and activities related to the handling and its position in the OT has not been clarified.

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Objective: Shoulder pain caused by hemiplegia is a common finding after Stroke that severely restricts the patient’s independence in performing daily activities. The study was determined to survey the impacts of the SSBM on the shoulder pain and level of hand function in stroke patient.

Materials & Methods: This study is a semi-experimental research, samples were consisted of 34 patients selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria among 70 patients who referred to Tabassom rehabilitation center from 23.10.2010 to 22.12.2010 and then allocated into two group of control and experimental through random sampling. For each participant of experimental group, the SSBM massage has been done for 10 minutes through 7 sessions pain status were measured before the massages and 24 hours after the last session, through the visual pain scale (Visual Analog Scale) for both groups, and the pain scores were compared. Statistical data analysis and analytic test(T independent, T paired) were performed.

Results: The mean score of shoulder pain before intervention was of 8.40 for both case and control groups. After the intervention, the experimental group’s pain score declined to 1.13, while no change found in control group. The mean score of hand function was 9.13 and 8.66 for experimental and control group, respectively. The difference between the two groups was significantly (95%) meaningful.

Conclusion: According to the findings, training and SSBM and care measures can be effective in preventing or reducing shoulder pain and improving overall motor function in stroke patients with hemiplegia.

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Objective: Co-occupation is defined as engagement of two or more people in an occupation, who are acting within the same time and the nature of engagement. It involves shared physicality, shared emotionality, and shared intentionality, embedded in a shared meaning. This study was conducted in Iranian context to explore the co-occupations of mothers of children with cerebral palsy (CP) as experienced by children, mothers and occupational therapists (OT).

Materials & Methods: This qualitative research is a part of a big Grounded Theory study. Three children, thirteen mothers and six OTs participated in the study. The data collected via in-depth semi- structured interviews and two observations at home and clinic and three video tapes and one diary. Participants were selected through purposeful sampling following by theoretical sampling. A qualitative content analysis approach was conducted to analyze data by using the constant comparative analysis.

Results: In total, 695 initial or open codes were extracted. The results were categorized in four central themes that were identified as (1) facing with Self care problems, (2) effort to gain treatment follow-up, (3) coping challenges of educational care, and (4) parental limited personal leisure time.

Conclusion: The concept of Co-occupation has extended our attitude to specific care for children with CP and has enhanced child care services and also greater awareness of barriers the mothers are faced to. 

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of home adaptation on developmental level of 15-60 months old cerebral palsy children.

Materials & Methods: In this experimental single-blinded study, forty children with cerebral palsy (15-60 months old) were recruited from some of Tehran public or private rehabilitation clinics based on pre-determined inclusion criteria, and after matching for child age, type of clinic referred to (public or private), type of cerebral palsy, IQ score, GMFCS level and number of occupational treatment sessions already provided at the rehabilitation clinic, the children were divided randomly in to two groups: intervention and control. For data collection, a Demographic Information Questionnaire and Ages & Stages Questionnaires ( ASQ) Test were used. Data were collected on two occasions: before the intervention and 3 months after intervention. For intervention, researcher went to the intervention group home and explained educations related to handling for caregivers and adapted home in a 4-hour session. During 3 months, researcher would follow up to implement the intervention.Finally data were analyzed.

Results: there were significant differences in developmental level in total of two groups in 3 months after intervention than before intervention (P<0.015). but there were no significant differences in average relation (0.713), gross motor (0.2), fine motor (0.329) and problem solving(0.981) improvement of two groups in 3 months after intervention. But there were significant differences in average socio - personal improvement between two groups (p<0.001) and this was greater in the intervention group.

Conclusion: In this study it is concluded that home adaptation and handling training on caregivers in home improves developmental level in 15 -60 months old cerebral palsy children.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the cumulative validity of experimental form in comparison with the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure) COPM( independently to identify occupational performance problems in the mothers of children with Cerebral Palsy (CP).

Materials & Methods: This study is an item refinement for experimental form, performed in two stages: firstly designing experimental form and testing reliability secondly its item refinement. Participants were 30 mothers of children with CP in first stage and 21 mothers of children with CP in second stage from different occupational therapy clinics in Tehran.

Results: In first stage, Spearman correlation coefficients showed that all the subscales had good test-retest reliability (r>0.7). There were observed significant difference in household management, quiet recreation, active recreation and socialization subscales of experimental form along COPM form compared COPM form alone in item refinement stage.

Conclusion: It seems that experimental form offers to detect more important occupational performance problems of mothers. Therefore, we recommended use of experimental form for knowing changes of mothers occupational of children with CP.

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Objective: This study aimed to analyze the concept of occupational therapy handling in the children with cerebral palsy from the perspective of occupational therapy instructors and clinicians in Iran.

Materials & Methods: In this qualitative study, using hybrid model to clarify the concept of handling through three phases. For the theoretical phase, attributes of handling were recognized through a review of the literature (until February 2014), and six in-depth semi - structured interviews, two observations and one panel of experts were conducted for the fieldwork to develop attributes from the data and to verify those identified from the literature review. In the third phase attributes and final analysis of handling were extracted from the first and second phase.

Results: The results were classified in five main categories that were identified as: (1) care of child, (2) management of treatment, (3) manual techniques, (4) education of activities of daily living (ADL), and (5) lifting and carrying. Core attributes of handling include "control, safety, transfer and positioning".

Conclusion: It seems that the results of this study may help in clarifying the concept of handling in children with CP. In addition, by identifying the process, barriers and facilitative factors, and the concept of handling, occupational therapy instructors and therapists will be able to design and run their educational activities based on scientific findings which can provide them with the necessary conditions for education, learning and proper execution of handling in occupational therapy.

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Objective: Mothers of children with spinabifida spend more time to care for their children. Doing this care, depending on the child's functional mobility level can probably cause damage to physical and mental health of mothers. This study aimed to determine the quality of life (QOL) of mothers of children with spinabifida (SB), according to the Hoffer levels using the SF-36 questionnaire.

Materials & Methods: This research was a descriptive- analitical, cross-sectional study. The sample of this study was consisted of mothers of children with SB (2/5– 14 years old), in Tehran. The sample were selected by convenience sampling in the Rehabilitation Outpatient Clinics of University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, that 203 mothers were assessed in one clinic. Primery measures were the Hoffer criteria for grouping and determine the levels of ambulation in children with SB and the outcome measure was SF-36 questionnaire. Data were analyzed using, t test, ANOVA and MANOVA in SPSS (version 18).

Results: In this study, there were significant differences in mean scores on the physical component summary (PCS) (P<0/01) and Mental component summary (MCS) of SF36 (P<0/01) in mothers of children with SB in Hoffer levels. The significant difference in PCS and MCS of SF36, was related to the level I with the other levels of Hoffer criteria, there were no Significant difference in mean score for the PCS and MCS the QOL of mothers for sex and child's age levels (P<0/05). There were a significant differences in mean PCS and MCS a QOL of mothers in different types of SB (P<0/01). This significant difference was related to aculta with meningocele and myelomeningocele (P<0/01).

Conclusion: The dimensions of PCS and MCS of SF36 of mother with SB were affected with types of SB and increasing the levels of Hoffer. In conclusion, Mothers of children with SB require paying attention to their QOL during treatment of the child. In addition, the services should be created to support the physical and psychological aspects of the QOL.

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Education via smart mobile phone and mobile health applications is a key element in e-learning. For the first time and in cooperation with occupational therapists and Health Information management specialists, an applied educational smart phone-based program was designed and implemented for mothering handling of children with cerebral palsy (CP) by caregivers. For this purpose, InteliJIDe application version 13 for android was used. This application includes sections of acquaintance with children with CP, principles of motor development in children with CP, feeding, dressing, toileting, bathing, sleeping, lifting and carrying, playing, anticonvulsant drugs, and about us. It is free and can be installed on smart mobile phones and Android tablets via Bluetooth. This application is an important step in easy, fast, and free access of families of children with CP to daily care information. It is hoped that this software resolve some of these families’ problems.

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Objective Caregivers of children with cerebral palsy (CP) are faced with many challenges in self-care, treatment follow-up, educational care, and personal leisure time. Therefore, they should be trained for resolving their needs during caregiving. This study aimed to determine the priority of needs of mothering handling training for family caregiving of children and youth with CP at home based on the family-centered approach.
Materials & Methods This cross-sectional study was performed on 186 children with CP (aged 4-12 years) from the rehabilitation clinics in the city of Arak. The participants were chosen by a convenience sampling strategy. Clinical tests such as the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) and the Canadian Occupational performance measure were used to assess the level of fine motor function and determine the priority of needs of children with CP, respectively. The data were analyzed using statistical tests including two-way ANOVA.
Results In this study, there were 89 girls and 97 boys with CP with a mean age 7.52+2.38 years. The CP types were as follows: spastic (67.7%), dyskinetic (13.9%), ataxic (5.9%), and hypotonic (4.8%). The most important priority of needs of mothering handling training was self-care and care related to children with CP in the level of V of MACS. The results showed that the priority of needs of the mothering handling training based on occupational performance (self-care, productivity and play/leisure) were toileting in the level of IV of MACS. There were no significant differences in the priority of needs of the training in the areas of sex and level of fine motor function (P>0.05); however, there were significant differences in age and self-care (P<0.05).
Conclusion The results showed that the highest priority of needs of mothering handling training was self-care, feeding, toileting, and functional mobility. However, the needs of mothering handling training enhanced with increasing severity of fine motor function lesions and age. The simultaneous relationships between age and MACS levels in children with CP have no effect on the priorities of mothering handling training. Organized training of families and caregivers about needs of mothering handling training and proper care of their children are facilitating steps in promoting the education of mothers of children with CP. It seems that the understanding and education of mothering handling for therapists responsible for managing children with CP and the education of their parents can open the way to effective caring and treatment.

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Objective: Cerebral palsy Spastic Diplegia (CPSD) is the most common motor disability in childhood. It is a neurodevelopmental condition beginning early in life and continues throughout life. In addition to mobility problems, the environment can also affect the CPSD children’s social participation. This study aims to investigate the relationship of environmental factors with the social participation of children with CPSD.
Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 116 parents of children with CPSD referred to the occupational therapy clinics in Tehran, Mazandaran, and Alborz provinces of Iran in 2018-2019. They were recruited using a convenience sampling method. Parents completed the European Child Environment Questionnaire (ECEQ) and the life habit questionnaire to assess their perception of the environmental factors and their children’s participation, respectively. The Gross Motor Function Classification System-Expanded and Revised (GMFCS-E&R) was initially used to classify the gross motor function (walking ability) of the children with cerebral palsy living in Europe (The SPARCLE project). We used it to estimate cognitive levels in children. The Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression of SPSS version 22 were used to analyze the results.
Results: Based on the GMFCS-E&R classification, 23.3% of children were at level I, 27.6% at level II, 31.9% at level III, and 17.2% at level IV. Moreover, 89.7% of the children had an IQ>75, and 85.3% had no seizures. All domains and sub-domains of ECEQ had significantly correlated with social participation (P<0.01), where the physical environment had the highest correlation (r=-0.811, P<0.01). Based on the linear regression model, physical environment (β=-0.475, P<0.01) and attitudinal environment (β=-0.285, P<0.05) were the predictors of social participation (adjusted R2=0.71).
Conclusion: Physical and attitudinal environments are predictors of social participation in children with CPSD. Environmental modifications and adaptations at home, community, school, and especially transportation system can increase the social participation of these children.

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