Objective: Opium and stimulants are two kinds of illegal substances which are different from each other in chemical structure, psychological and biological effects (material), and their potential adverse effects on consumers. The present study compares the effect of abuse of each of the two (opium and stimulants) on violent behavior against wives.

Materials & Methods: The present study was a non-experimental and comparative study. The study sample included 100 spouses of men addicted to opium and stimulants (50 opium and 50 stimulant addicts) who attended governmental or non-governmental centers or camps in Tehran city (from October 2011 to January 2012), in order to receive professional assistances. (Both groups of subjects were selected by convenient sampling method to ensure the compatibility with input and output data. The “revised conflict tactics scale” was used to assess the rates of violence (psychological, sexual coercion, negotiation, injury and physical assault) exerted by men. Results were analyzed using multi-variety analysis of variance and covariance.

Results: Results showed that after controlling the age as a covariate, consumers of stimulants (especially methamphetamine) were more violent toward their wives than were consumers of opium (P&le0.001). There were also significant differences between the two groups in the psychological, sexual coercion, injury and physical assault subscales, but not in the negotiation subscale (P&le0.05).

Conclusion: It seems that the psychopharmacological effect of stimulants leads to more violent behaviors in its consumers (especially by methamphetamine) than in consumers of opium.

Objective: There is an increasing evidence that show fear of pain and fear of re-injury are fundamental mechanisms in progress of pain and disability in the patients. Cervical stabilization training is a method of exercise which is designed to improved the mechanisms by which the cervical spine maintains a stable, injury-free state . The aim of this study was to compare effectiveness of stabilization exercises with maximum Isometric exercises on fear avoidance belief in Chronic Non-Specific Neck Pain .

Materials & Methods: In clinical trail study fifty patients with chronic neck pain were recruited. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a stabilization (n=25) or a maximum isometric exercise group (n=25). Before and after intervention ( 4,8,12 weeks) pain was assessed with visual analog scale (ordinal) , disability (ordinal ) with Neck Stability Index (NDI) , Fear Avoidance of Belief with Fear Avoidance of Belief Questionnaire (FABQ . A 48 session exercise program which 8 weeks . six session per week , and per session was performed for both groups. Repeated measurement of analysis variance , Independent t-test and paired t-test were used for comparison between pretreatment and post treatment test results between groups and within groups, respectively.

Results: The mean neck pain decreased from 7.16±1.57 in first session to 0.92±0.70 in 12 session in the stabilization group and from 7.12±1.67 in first session to 1.28±0.94in 12 session in maximum isometric group (p=0.482) . The mean disability (NDI) decreased from 22/60±3/20 in first session to 11.16±0.90 in 12 session in the stabilization group and from 21.88±2.76 in first session to 14.96±1.48 in 12 session in maximum isometric group (p<0.001 ) . The mean FABQ-W decreased from 35.08±4.48 in first session to 9.08±1.44 in 12 session in the stabilization group and from 34.76±4.63 in first session to 17.44±2.18 in 12 session in maximum isometric group (P<0.001) . The mean FABQ-PA decreased from 20.12±2.26 in first session to 9.26±1.01 in 12 session in the stabilization group and from 20.08±2.23 in first session to 11.16±1.14 in 12 session in maximum isometric group (P=0.938) . Decreased all variables in the stabilization group was more useful than maximum isometric group (P<0.05) .

Conclusion: This study showed that neck specific stabilization exercises and maximum isometric exercises decrease pain, disability, fear of pain and fear of re-injury . Also specific stabilization exercises was more useful than maximum isometric procedure .