Parvaneh Karim-Zadeh, Mohammad Ghofrani,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (4-2003)
Abstract
Objective: The term “Ataxia” is used to denote disturbances of the body posture and its movement that are normally controlled by the cerebellum. frontal lobes and the posterior columns of the spinal cord. The initial symptom and the most prominent feature of ataxia is abnormal gait which is characterized by lurching and wide base walking. Knowing that, the acute ataxia is among those problems that brings very soon the child to pediatrics neurology department and in view of lack of any survey in this neid in our country, we decided to investigate the etiology of acute ataxia in Islamic Republic of Iran.
Materials & Methods: Our patients were recruited from 100 children who were brought to neurology service of Mofid children hospital with the chief complaint of acute ataxia over 2 years period. (sep 2001 to sep 2003). All of those 100 patients were admitted and required investigations were performed.
Results: Results of our workup revealed that the most common cause of acute ataxia is acute cerebellar one, which all of them preceded by viral febrile illness. The second frequent cause of acute. Ataxia is due to drug intoxication, which commonly was observed between 2 – 4 years period.
Conclusion: The remaining etiologies in descending frequency were as follow, Infectious polyneuropathy, Migraine, Opsoclonus – Myoclonus, Brain tumor, ADEM,MS and Epilepsy.
Parvaneh Karim-Zadeh,
Volume 4, Issue 2 (7-2003)
Abstract
Biotinidase deficiency is a rare metabolic disease that is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. The clinical manifestations of the disease are, lactic acidosis, alopecia, ataxia, spastic paraplegia, seizure and developmental delay. Other clinical features are erythematous rash, hearing and visual loss. In this 4 article we report 3 patients with complete biotinidase deficiency. First patient was an Infant (3 months old-male) and second patient was an infant (5months old-male) that both of them referred for developmental delay, seizure, alopecia and spastic paraplegia. Laboratory exam showed hyper ammonia, lactic acidosis and the level of Biotinidase was remarkable deficient. All of the symptoms and signs were improved with Biotin. The third patient (8 months old-female) referred for developmental delay and erythematous rash around the orifices. The laboratory exam showed Biotinidase deficiency and all of the symptoms improved with Biotin.
Abbas Ali Pour-Momeny, Hassan Zadmehr, Maryam Mir-Shamsi, Akbar Hassan-Zadeh,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (4-2011)
Abstract
Objective: Synkiesia is a sequel of facial nerve palsy. It usually begins 3-4 months after axonal regeneration and progressed up to two years afterward. Treatment of synkinesia is very difficult and sometimes impossible.The aim of our study is find a better procedure to treat facial nerve palsy and prevent synkinesia.
Materials and Methods: Twenty nine patients with facial nerve palsy were selected by electrodiagnosis tests. They were divided in two groups. The experimental group was treated by biofeedback electromyography and the second group was treated by common physiotherapy. The evaluation of all patients was done by Photoshop assessment and facial grading scale before and after treatment.
Result: After the treatment, a significant general improvement was observed in both groups (p<0.05), but in experimental group (biofeedback) showed better result than the other one. The number of patients with synkinesia as well as the severity of their synkinesis in experimental group were lesser than the other one.
Conclusion: Biofeedback therapy is more efficient than common physiotherapy.By using this approach, control and reducing synkinesia is more feasible. Assessment by Pohotoshop procedure showed better accuracy than facial grading scale.
Ahmad Ali-Pour, Mohammad Nazer, Ahmad Reza Sayyadi ,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (4-2011)
Abstract
Objective: Change in the brain structure with causes such as mental retardation, can alter hemisphere lateralization, especially if it takes place before completing the lateralization development. This research compares two important indices of lateralization including handedness and footedness among mental retarded and normal children and their parents. Four groups were compared to each other in order to showing the influence of mental retardation and family style in lateralization.
Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in second three month of 2008 by selecting 160 children (ranged between 7-13 years old) including 60 mental retarded students (IQ range from 50 to 70) were selected by random sampling and 100 normal children (IQ range 85-115) Were selected by cluster sampling. All participants with their parents completed 10 items of Edinbrough Handedness Inventory and Waterloo Footedness Questionnaire and Raven Progressive Matrices test. First Percent and confidence interval of each preference was presented then preferences of each group with chi-square test were compared.
Results: Amount of right footedness (RF) in fathers of normal children were 87% and their mothers were 86% and normal children were 84%.also amount of (RF) in fathers of mental retard children were71.6% and in their mother were 75% but (RF) in mental retard children were 50%. Amount of right handedness (RH) in fathers of normal children were 91% and in their mothers were 88% and in normal children were 87%. Also amount of (RH) in fathers of mental retard children were 88.3% and in their mother were 85.2% but (RH) in mental retard children were 66.7% . Chi square analysis revealed a significant difference between hand (P=0.013)and foot (P<0.001) preference among mental retarded and normal children, but this difference was not significant among their parents in both population. However Chi square analysis revealed A significant difference between hand (P=0.009) and foot (P=0.018) preference in mental retarded children and their parents.
Conclusion: Handedness and footedness can be changed by mental retardation so lateralization can be varied by MR.
Masoud Gharib, Mohammad Reza Mousavi-Khatat,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (7-2011)
Abstract
Farin Soleymani, Zahra Bajelan, Sedigheh Amir Ali Akbari, Hamid Alavi-Majd,
Volume 13, Issue 0 (3-2013)
Abstract
Objective: Because of the necessity for more and different follow-ups in children with developmental disorders in the early years of life, determination of contributing, factors especially those related to pregnancy is important in any community. This study was performed to reveal a correlation of anemia in mothers during childbirth with developmental status of 12-month infants.
Materials & Methods: This study was performed through designing descriptive correlation on 250 mothers and their 12-month infants who visited to health services centers affiliated to Qazvin University of Medical Sciences and Health-Treatment Services in 1390 in multistage sampling method. Data collection tool included informational forms, Ages and Stages Questionnaire. Thereafter, the data was statistically analyzed with and Chi-square, Independent T, Mann-Whitney and Logistic regression tests.
Results: The prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia in the studied community was 12% and the prevalence of developmental delay of children was 22.4%. Anemia had a significant correlation with developmental status of infants and its communicational domain (P<0.05). In the logistics model, hemoglobin showed significant correlation with developmental status of infants (P=0.02 and OR=0.31). 66.7% out of all infants in anemic group and 55% in non-anemic group were male boys. Also the male gender had a ratio close to significance level (P=0.55 and OR=0.052). Other variables showed no correlations.
Conclusion: Mother’s Iran Deficiency anemia showed to be in possible attribution with infants’ Developmental delay and it is compatible with the crucial role of Iran for central nervous system development.
Soheila Shahshahani, Roshanak Vameghi, Firouzeh Sajedi, Nadia Azari, Anoushirvan Kazem-Nejad,
Volume 13, Issue 0 (3-2013)
Abstract
Objective: This research was made for screening the motor developmental status) fine and gross) of 4-60 months old children in Tehran city through Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST-II) and Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ), comparing the results of two tests and determining their agreement coefficient.
Materials & Methods: In this analytical study the gross and fine motor developmental status of 197 children 4-60 months old were screened by using ASQ and DDST-II in 4 primary health care clinics in north, south, east and west areas of Tehran. Convenient sampling was used. Data was analyzed and consistency coefficient of two tests was determined.
Results: By using ASQ and DDST-II fine motor developmental delay suspected in %5 and 11.7% of children and gross motor developmental delay suspected in 3.6% and 11.2% respectively. The estimated consistency coefficient between DDST-II and ASQ for fine motor domain was 0.05 and 0.24for gross motor domain.
Conclusion: In this study motor developmental screening of children showed different results and kappa measure agreement of two tests was weak. For selecting a suitable tool it is necessary to compare the developmental screening results with a gold standard diagnostic test results of motor developmental screening be compared with a diagnostic gold standard test.
Farin Soleimani, Nadia Azari, Adis Kraskian-Mojembari, Roshanak Vameghi, Soheila Shahshahani-Pour, Firouzeh Sajedi,
Volume 14, Issue 6 (3-2014)
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the study was to develop a valid and reliable Persian version of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddlers Development Screening Test.
Materials & Methods: Forward and backward translation, face and content validity determination, and cultural and linguistic adaptations of the questionnaires were performed, consecutively. Clarity of items of the translated version of the scale were examined by a study that carried out on 45 Persian 1- to 42-month-old children, recruited by sampling in Tehran, during the year 2012 . In order to determine the reliability internal consistency, inter-rater and test-retest, 34 tests carried out. For determining the psychometric properties of the tests, later a representative sample of 260, 1- to 42-months-old children recruited through consecutive sampling from health -care centers in five main districts in Tehran.
Results: Performing cultural and lingual adaptations, our expert team made some inevitable changes to the test items. Almost in all age groups, cultural or linguistic changes were made in items in communication domains. The Cronbach alpha in cognitive, communication (receptive and expressive), fine and gross motor subtests were 0.96, 0.95. 0.95 and 0.94 respectively. The construct validity of the tests by factor analysis and comparison of mean scores in age groups was confirmed.
Conclusion: The Persian version of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddlers Development Screening test is a valid and reliable tool.
Saeed Ahangari Saryazdi, Mehdi Rahgozar, Enayatollah Bakhshi, Samaneh Hosseinzadeh, Amin Shahrolhi,
Volume 20, Issue 4 (12-2019)
Abstract
Objective: Seizure is the most common neurological disorder in pediatric medicine. This disorder is often chronic and requires continuous treatment. Developmental disorders are conditions that can occur due to abnormal development or damage to the brain and central nervous periods (out-of-hospital). However, in most studies, the severity of seizure relapse is mistakenly considered the same for each period. The present study aimed to identify factors related to the recurrence of seizure in children with developmental disorder.
Materials & Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, 228 children with developmental disorder and a history of seizures referred to the emergency department of the Children’s Hospital Medical Center in Tehran, Iran in 2016. Relapse times, admission duration and discharge time, age, sex, birth weight, type of delivery, parental relatives, maternal age during pregnancy, mother's history of medication use and disease during pregnancy, history of seizure with fever, family history of seizure, maternal delivery problems, length of pregnancy, history of admission to neonatal intensive care unit were recorded as factors affecting recurrence of seizure. Inclusion criteria were having developmental disorder and a history of seizure recurrence. The patients who were hospitalized for any reason other than seizure were excluded from the study. No intervention was performed in this study. Patients' information was recorded with their permission and based on ethical principles and the results were presented in the form of tables. Survival model was used to investigate the effect of risk factors on the seizure recurrence. If the seizure recurrence in children was controlled in hospital by medical staff, response variable (relapse time) was considered as censored. A frailty parameter was used to explain the correlation between recurrence of seizures in one subject, and a correlation parameter was used to justify the difference in in the rate of correlation between seizures in a hospital and in somewhere other than hospital. The collected data were analyzed using frailty model for recurrent event by considering restraint period. To achieve an effective and flexible approximation for estimating base intensities, the piecewise constant intensity method was used. Estimation of the parameters was performed using the Gaussian quadrature method and by NLMIXED procedure in SAS v. 9.2 software.
Results: Of 228 children, 125 (54.8%) were boys and half of them were under 3 years of old. The mothers of 200 children (87.72%) had age of 18-35 years at the time of pregnancy; 96 (41.67%) of these patients were admitted to neonatal intensive care unit during neonatal period. The birth weight of 199 (28.27%) children was about 2.5-4 kg and 119 did not experience any seizure during the restraint period (in the hospital). The frequency of seizure recurrence in hospital ranged from 1 (25.88%) to 16 times (0.44%), while in out-of-hospital, it ranged from 1 (7.46%) to 11 times (0.44%). The duration of seizure recurrence was between 1 to 6196 days. Furthermore, children aged 1-2 years (P<0.001) with a history of admission to neonatal intensive care unit (P<0.001) whose mothers were 18-35 years of old during pregnancy (P=0.022) experienced more out-of-hospital seizure recurrence, while children aged 1-2 years (P=0.007) with a birth weight of 2.5-4 kg (P= 0.037) experienced less seizure recurrence in hospital.
Conclusion: Considering the meaningful relationships and appropriate planning, the recurrence of seizure can be reduced in children with developmental disorder during hospitalization or after withdrawal.
Farin Soleimani, Nadia Azari, Roshanak Vameghi, Seyyed Hamed Barekati, Hamidreza Lornejad, Adis Kraskian,
Volume 23, Issue 1 (5-2022)
Abstract
Objective: The first years of life are particularly important because vital developments occur in all development domains including motor, cognition, communication, and social-emotional. Early detection of developmental delays is essential in planning for early intervention. This study aims to standardize the score of bayley scales of infants and toddlers development-third edition (Bayley-III) for Iranian samples aged 1-42 months.
Materials & Methods: Participants included 1700 children divided into 17 age groups of 100 children. The normative information was based on a national sample representative of Iran’s population for infants aged 1-42 months based on the 2011 national population and housing census. For each age group, the total raw scores of each Bayley-III subscale (cognition, receptive communication, expressive communication, fine motor, and gross motor) were converted to scaled scores with a Mean±SD of 10±3. The composite scores (cognition, language and motor domains) were obtained by summing up the scaled scores. The composite scores were scaled to a metric with Mean±SD of 100±15 ranged 40-160. Growth scores (ranged 200-800, with a Mean±SD 500±100), percentile ranks (ranged from 1-99, with 50 as the mean and median), and developmental age equivalent were also determined. Confidence intervals for all five subscales were also determined. To compare the development level of the US children (norm samples) and Iranian children, their mean raw scores in five subscales were compared for finding the difference in scores.
Results: The Bayley-III was performed on 1744 children aged 0-42 months, including 908 (52.1%) girls and 836 (47.9%) boys. In comparing the development level of Iranian and US children, it was found that the mean scores were significantly different in 28 age groups (P<0.05). In seven age groups, the US children’s scores were higher (age groups <6 months), and in 21 age groups, the scores of Iranian children were higher ( age groups >6 months).
Conclusion: For early detection and intervention of children with developmental delays, a test with a normalized score should be used in Iran. Using the US norm-based scores in Iranian children leads to inaccuracy in the early detection of children with developmental delays.
Farin Soleimani, Zahra Nobakht, Nadia Azari, Adis Kraskian, Fatemeh Hassanati, Zahra Ghorbanpor,
Volume 25, Issue 0 (10-2024)
Abstract
Objective This study determines the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the adaptive behavior assessment system (ABAS) scale in children aged 1 to 42 months in Tehran City, Iran.
Materials & Methods The translation and adaptation were carried out based on the international quality of life instrument project protocol. After a pilot study, 253 parents of 1-42 month-aged children in Tehran City, Iran, completed the Persian version of the ABAS scale to check the construct validity by exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency. To determine reliability, 12 parents completed this scale after 2 weeks again.
Results The translation desirability was obtained by suggestions of the expert group and cognitive interviews by mothers; subsequently, face validity was obtained. The content validity ratio was calculated at 0.59 according to the participation of 11 experts. The content validity ratio for item 25 (communication), items 18, 20 and 22 (community use), items 11, 14, 15, 17, 18 and 21 (functional pre-academic) and item 18 (leisure) was below the acceptable value (0.59); however, the remaining substances demonstrated an acceptable content validity ratio, leading to no items being removed.
The content validity index regarding the relevance for item 25 (communication), items 18 and 22 (community use), items 11, 18, 23 and 22 (functional pre-academic) and the clarity for item 9 (functional pre-academic) scored between 0.7 and 0.79, indicating required revision. The other items achieved an acceptable content validity index value.
The Cronbach α coefficient tested the reliability and internal consistency. This coefficient was 0.957 in communication, 0.957 in community use, 0.943 in the functional pre-academic, 0.961 in home life, 0.960 in health and safety, 0.952 in leisure, 0.948 in self-care, 0.947 in self-direction, 0.954 in social and 0.962 in motor subscales, and 0.991 in total scale.
To determine the structural validity, according to the eigenvalue and the percentage explained by the first factor in each subscale, it was determined that a single-factor model is the most favorable condition for implementing factor analysis in the items of each subscale. In addition, according to the scree plot, the contribution of the first factor in each subscale in explaining the variance of the total items is significant and different from the contribution of the other factors. By calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), a good correlation was obtained in nine subscales and a moderate correlation was obtained in one subscale.
Conclusion The adaptation validity and reliability of the ABAS scale have a desirable and acceptable quality. Also, the Persian version of this scale has content and construct validity, reliability in test-retest, and internal consistency. Therefore, the Persian version of the ABAS scale can be used in research as a tool to evaluate the adaptive behavior of 1 to 42-month Persian language children.
Farin Soleimani, Zahra Babaiy, Mohsen Vahedi, Zahra Nobakht, Peymaneh Shirinbayan, Zahra Ghorbanpour, Fatemeh Hassanati,
Volume 25, Issue 0 (10-2024)
Abstract
Objective The Bayley scale is one of the important and well-known tests to measure the development in the early life of children. Using this test, it is possible to identify possible developmental delays and the child's strengths and weaknesses. In the previous studies, cultural adaptation and standardization were performed in the Persian language. However, it is necessary to examine the item sequence in each language and culture. This study investigates the appropriateness of the Bayley sequence in the Persian language children.
Materials & Methods This was a secondary study and the data from previous standardization studies were used. The scores of 1-42 month old children in each age group were analyzed for each item. As the difficulty of the items increased during the test, if deviated from the process, it indicated that the item was not in its proper position. In this study, by examining the difference in scores before and after each item, deviant items were identified.
Results The results showed that 41 items deviated from the main trend, of which 27 deviated items were at the starting point. Among the 27 deviant items at the starting point, 14 items were easier than the previous items (item 42=cognitive, items 10, 20, 24=receptive communication, items 3, 5, 10, 15, 18=expressive communication, items 24 and 39=fine motor, and items 20, 53, and 55=gross motor).
Conclusion According to the results, there are 14 deviant items in the Bayley scale for the Persian language, which may have an impact on the test result, which is a small amount compared to the total test items. Nevertheless, it is recommended to examine these items in the next revisions of the test so that a correct estimate of the development process of Persian-speaking children can be made.
Dr. Fatemeh Hassanati, Dr. Zahra Nobakht, Dr. Zahra Ghorbanpour, Somayeh Amiri Arimi, Mohammad Saatchi, Peymaneh Shirinbayan, Farin Soleimani,
Volume 25, Issue 0 (10-2024)
Abstract
Objective Children with developmental disabilities were susceptible groups to mental health problems during the COVID-19 due to quarantine and closure of educational and rehabilitation centers. This scoping review investigates the consequences of mental health in these children during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Materials & Methods Articles were extracted by searching PubMed, Scopus, and ISI databases, between January 1, 2020 and September 12, 2022. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, observational and experimental studies that investigated the mental health status of children with developmental disabilities were included.
Results A total of 40 studies were selected. Accordingly, the prevalence of mental health and behavioral symptoms during COVID-19 significantly increased across most of the studies compared with pre-COVID-19 and control groups. These studies showed correlations and risk factors for mental health outcomes.
Conclusion This scoping review demonstrated that several mental health issues during COVID-19 require comprehensive attention to planning and implementing specific strategies and creating the appropriate mental health services for children and adolescents with developmental disabilities.
