per Archives of Rehabilitation 2538-6247 2538-6247 2015-07 16 2 110 119 article Hamid Dalvand hamiddalvand@gmail.com 1 Mehdi Rassafiani mrassafiani@yahoo.com 2 Seyyed Ali Hosseini alihosse@gmail.com 3 Seyyed Ali Samadi s.samadi@ulester.ac.uk 4 Hamid Reza Khankeh hamid.khankeh@ki.se 5 Organization Organization University of Welfare & Rehabilitation Siences, Tehran, Iran. Organization Organization Objective: This study aimed to analyze the concept of occupational therapy handling in the children with cerebral palsy from the perspective of occupational therapy instructors and clinicians in Iran. Materials & Methods: In this qualitative study, using hybrid model to clarify the concept of handling through three phases. For the theoretical phase, attributes of handling were recognized through a review of the literature (until February 2014), and six in-depth semi - structured interviews, two observations and one panel of experts were conducted for the fieldwork to develop attributes from the data and to verify those identified from the literature review. In the third phase attributes and final analysis of handling were extracted from the first and second phase. Results: The results were classified in five main categories that were identified as: (1) care of child, (2) management of treatment, (3) manual techniques, (4) education of activities of daily living (ADL), and (5) lifting and carrying. Core attributes of handling include "control, safety, transfer and positioning". Conclusion: It seems that the results of this study may help in clarifying the concept of handling in children with CP. In addition, by identifying the process, barriers and facilitative factors, and the concept of handling, occupational therapy instructors and therapists will be able to design and run their educational activities based on scientific findings which can provide them with the necessary conditions for education, learning and proper execution of handling in occupational therapy. http://rehabilitationj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1530-en.pdf Child Cerebral palsy Handling Occupational therapy per Archives of Rehabilitation 2538-6247 2538-6247 2015-07 16 2 120 127 article Soheila Shahshahani sol_shah@yahoo.com 1 Roshanak Vameghi r_vameghi@yahoo.com 2 Firouzeh Sajedi fisajedi@gmail.com 3 Nadia Azari azarinadia@yahoo.com 4 Anoushirvan Kazem-Nejad aklili@yahoo.com 5 Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, Tehran, Iran. Clinical Sciences Department, Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, USWR Clinical Sciences Department, Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, USWR Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, USWR University of Tarbiat Modaress Objective: This research was made to personal- social developmental screening of 4-60 months old children in Tehran city by DDST-II and ASQ and determining the agreement coefficient of two tests. Materials & Methods: In this study, the personal-social developmental status of 197 children 4-60 months old were screened by using ASQ and PDQ (93 girls and 104 boys). Convenient sampling was used. Data was analyzed by SPSS software. Results: By using DDST-II and ASQ personal- social developmental delay detected in 11% and 1.5% of children respectively. The estimated consistency coefficient between DDST-II and ASQ for Personal- social domain was 0.06. Conclusion: In this study personal- social developmental screening of children showed different results and kappa measure agreement of two tests was weak. For selecting a suitable tool we must consider the psychometric characteristics (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predicting power) of the tool. This study showed that the results of developmental screening of 4-60 months old children in Tehran by using ASQ and PDQ lead to different results. This finding emphasizes the need to comparing the results of screening tests with a diagnostic gold standard test. http://rehabilitationj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1425-en.pdf Personal-social developmental screening ASQ DDST-II per Archives of Rehabilitation 2538-6247 2538-6247 2015-07 16 2 128 137 article Ma'soumeh Pourmohammadreza-Tajrishi mpmrtajrishi@gmail.com 1 Mohammad A'shouri ashorihh2@gmail.com 2 Gholam Ali Afrouz 3 Ali Akbar Arjmand-nia 4 Bagher Ghobari-Bonab 5 Department of Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children, University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Department of Psychology and Excep􀆟onal Children Educa􀆟on, Faculty of Psychology and Educa􀆟on, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Department of Psychology and Excep􀆟onal Children Educa􀆟on, Faculty of Psychology and Educa􀆟on, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Department of Psychology and Excep􀆟onal Children Educa􀆟on, Faculty of Psychology and Educa􀆟on, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Department of Psychology and Excep􀆟onal Children Educa􀆟on, Faculty of Psychology and Educa􀆟on, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Objective: Intellectual disability affects all aspect of individual's life, while use of parenting educational programs has been associated with strong outcomes. The aim of the present research was to determine of the effectiveness of positive parenting program (Triple-P) training on interaction of mother-child with intellectual disability. Materials & Methods: The present research was a quasi-experimental study by pre-test, post-test design with control group. Participants in this study were 40 mothers of students with intellectual disability. The samples were recruited through random clustering method from exceptional schools of Tehran provinces. Participants were divided into two groups (experimental and control group), each of which was consisted of 20 individuals. Experimental group received Triple-P in 10 sessions while control group did not. The instrument of present research was parent child relationship scale (PCRS) of Piyanta (1994). The obtained data were statistically analyzed by MANCOVA using SPSS software. Results: Findings showed that experimental and control groups had significant difference, At least in one of sub scales of the PCRS (P<0/001). The final results of MANCOVA showed that Triple-P had significant and positive effect on the conflict, closeness, dependency, and positive relationship (P<0/001).  Conclusion: The results indicated that Triple-P training has led to the improvement of interaction of mother-child with intellectual disability. It is suggested that specialists with implementation of Triple-P training promoted interaction of mother-child with intellectual disability. http://rehabilitationj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1624-en.pdf Positive parenting program Interaction of mother-child Intellectual disability per Archives of Rehabilitation 2538-6247 2538-6247 2015-07 16 2 138 147 article Negar Koorosh-fard nkooroshfard@ut.ac.ir 1 Mohammad hosein Ali-Zadeh mhalizadeh47@yahoo.com 2 Reza Rajabi rrajabi@ut.ac.ir 3 Elham Shirzad eshirzad56@yahoo.com 4 Faculty of Physical Educa􀆟on & Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Department of Sport Medicine and Health, Faculty of Physical Educa􀆟on & Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Department of Sport Medicine and Health, Faculty of Physical Educa􀆟on & Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Department of Sport Medicine and Health, Faculty of Physical Educa􀆟on & Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Objective: The aim of this study was assessing the effect of feedback correcting exercise in front of mirror during running on frontal plane knee and pelvic kinematic and electromyography activity of some lower extremity muscles in single leg squat (SLS). Materials & Methods: This study was quasi experimental. 23 active female subjects participated in two experimental and control groups with mean age (21.86± 2.43) years .experimental group contains subjects with knee valgus and pelvic drop angle more than a mean plus one standard deviation of the population in functional SLS. Muscular activity (RMS) of gluteus maximus, Gluteus medius, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris and semitendinosus, angle of knee valgus and pelvic drop were register in end of SLS Pre and post of 8 training sessions. Comparing Variable has done with independent t statistical test between 2 groups and pair sample t test within each groups with significant level of 0.05. Results: Statistical analysis Before training showed no significant differences in pelvic drop between two groups (P&ge0.05), but knee valgus angle was significantly more than control group (P&le0.05). In spit that most muscle activities (% MVC) except biceps femoris (P&le0.05), were greater in experimental group, no significant difference (P&ge0.05) has seen in two groups. Comparing pre and post test has showed no significant difference in knee valgus of experimental group, however it decreased around 2 degrees and although %MVC decreased in all muscles, just rectuse femoris has shown significant difference (P&le0.05). No significant difference has seen in control group in all variables (P&ge0.05). Conclusion: Findings showed poor neuromuscular control in experimental group which improved to some extent after training because lower muscle activity and energy consumption in specific movement with similar kinematic indicate improvement of motor control or cause learning. It seems that mirror corrective exercise is responsible of learning by activating mirror neurons. Also decreasing muscular activity in movements cause decreasing fatigue, so possibility of injury may decrease, regarding the relation between fatigue and most injuries. Although there is some evidence that this training may cause positive changes in knee valgus and lower limb neuromuscular activity but more researches are needed to reach certain results. http://rehabilitationj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1547-en.pdf Feedback Knee valgus Electromyoghraphy Squat Dynamic malalignment per Archives of Rehabilitation 2538-6247 2538-6247 2015-07 16 2 148 155 article Hamid Dalvand hamiddalvand@gmail.com 1 Seyyed Ali Hosseini alihosse@gmail.com 2 Leila Dehghan l.dehghan@tums.ac.ir 3 Avat Feizi 4 Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. Department of Occupa􀆟onal Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilita􀆟on Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Occupa􀆟onal Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilita􀆟on Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Biosta􀆟s􀆟cs and Epidemiology, School of Health and Psychosoma􀆟c Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Objective: Mothers of children with spinabifida spend more time to care for their children. Doing this care, depending on the child's functional mobility level can probably cause damage to physical and mental health of mothers. This study aimed to determine the quality of life (QOL) of mothers of children with spinabifida (SB), according to the Hoffer levels using the SF-36 questionnaire. Materials & Methods: This research was a descriptive- analitical, cross-sectional study. The sample of this study was consisted of mothers of children with SB (2/5– 14 years old), in Tehran. The sample were selected by convenience sampling in the Rehabilitation Outpatient Clinics of University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, that 203 mothers were assessed in one clinic. Primery measures were the Hoffer criteria for grouping and determine the levels of ambulation in children with SB and the outcome measure was SF-36 questionnaire. Data were analyzed using, t test, ANOVA and MANOVA in SPSS (version 18). Results: In this study, there were significant differences in mean scores on the physical component summary (PCS) (P<0/01) and Mental component summary (MCS) of SF36 (P<0/01) in mothers of children with SB in Hoffer levels. The significant difference in PCS and MCS of SF36, was related to the level I with the other levels of Hoffer criteria, there were no Significant difference in mean score for the PCS and MCS the QOL of mothers for sex and child's age levels (P<0/05). There were a significant differences in mean PCS and MCS a QOL of mothers in different types of SB (P<0/01). This significant difference was related to aculta with meningocele and myelomeningocele (P<0/01). Conclusion: The dimensions of PCS and MCS of SF36 of mother with SB were affected with types of SB and increasing the levels of Hoffer. In conclusion, Mothers of children with SB require paying attention to their QOL during treatment of the child. In addition, the services should be created to support the physical and psychological aspects of the QOL. http://rehabilitationj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1590-en.pdf Spinabifida Quality of life Hoffer ambulatory criteria SF-36 per Archives of Rehabilitation 2538-6247 2538-6247 2015-07 16 2 156 167 article Mohammad Khayyatzadeh-Mahani : mahany2010@gmail.com 1 Afsoun Hassani-Mehraban mehraban.a@iums.ac.i 2 Mohammad Kamali mokamali@tums.ac.ir 3 Sorour Parvizi s_parvizy@tums.ac.ir 4 Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran School of Rehabilita􀆟on Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Rehabilitation management department, school of rehabilitation, Iran university of medical sciences, Tehran Iran Nursing and Midwifery School, Centre for Educational Research in Medical sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Objective: Occupation has been used as an essential core of therapy in Occupational therapy (OT) paradigm from its beginning. Besides primary emphasis of OT pioneers the OT practitioners do not care about using it yet. So, this study was aimed to explore the current method of delivering occupational therapy services among Iranian occupational therapists. Materials & Methods: The qualitative conventional content analysis with purposeful sampling was used in this study. 14 occupational therapists participated in this study. Semi structured interviews were used for data gathering. The data gathering continued until reaching data saturation. The interviews were analyzed through constant comparative analysis using MAXQDA 2007 software. Results: The interviews analysis revealed 66 codes that resulted to six sub themes and three themes including: Occupation based OT (occupation based assessment and planning –hard working circumstances for occupation based therapists), technique based OT (inattention to occupation based practice- top down approach to assessment and planning-inattention to client-centered practice) and combined occupation and techniques based OT (assessment and planning with combined approach). Conclusion: It seems that the Iranian occupational therapists have deviated from their philosophical paradigm (occupation based practice) and tended to technique based OT. Lots of possible reasons such as contextual barriers , in accepting from clients;#39 perspective and educational challenges are considered in this issue. However, the policy makers ought to plan and supervise to solve these challenges to facilitate implementing occupation based practice. http://rehabilitationj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1564-en.pdf Occupational therapy Occupational therapist Occupation based practice Therapeutic techniques Qualitative study per Archives of Rehabilitation 2538-6247 2538-6247 2015-07 16 2 168 175 article Abdollah Ghasemi a_gh_m2003@yahoo.com 1 Maryam Momeni m.momeni1360@gmail.com 2 Mehdi Sohrabi m_sohrabi25@yahoo.com 3 Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran. social and welfare uni ferdowsi uni Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks selected sport trainings on perceptual- motor skills among typical obese girls and girls with Down syndrome (aged 7-13). Materials & Methods: In this quasi-experimental study with control group, 22 obese children with Down syndrome and 22 typical obese children who were selected purposefully participated in 24 purposeful sport training sessions. All groups were assessed with Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency before and after training sessions. Results: The findings showed that both groups of participants significantly developed in their gross motor skills (P<0.05) but not in fine skills. Also, the results indicated that obese children with Down syndrome had significantly (P<0.05) higher progress in both gross and fine motor skills than typical children. Conclusion: Despite of the variety of influential genetic and environmental constraints on obese children with Down syndrome they can develop their perceptual-motor skills via purposeful sport trainings such as play and leisure. Necessity of early perceptual-motor training is discussed. http://rehabilitationj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1295-en.pdf Children with Down syndrome Obesity Perceptual-motor skills per Archives of Rehabilitation 2538-6247 2538-6247 2015-07 16 2 176 185 article Nasrin Khosravi-Tapeh nkhosravi91@yahoo.com 1 Ghoncheh Raheb ghraheb@gmail.com 2 Maliheh A'rshi marshisw@yahoo.com 3 Mostafa Eglima eghlima.m@yahoo.com 4 University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation, Tehran, Iran. university of social welfare and rehabilitation university of social welfare and rehabilitation university of social welfare and rehabilitation Objective: Social protection is one of the most important predictors of people’s health. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between social support and life quality, among disableds of Raad’s educational institutes. Materials & Methods: In this cross-correlation research 195 disableds that aged between 18-35 were selected with stratified random sampling method from Raad’s institutes proportional to each three centers quota to the total (Alghadir, Shargh and Markazi). Questionnaires of the Vuax social support and the Lancashire life quality were used. To analyze the data, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients and regression were used. Results: obtained results revealed a significant relationship between social support subscales (family, friends and other’s social support) with Psychological factors (Psychological comfort and self concept) and Social Factors (Social and family relationships) of life quality in handicaps (P<0.01). Conclusion: The results of the present study confirm the importance of social support in the disabled’s life quality, therefore it is necessary that the social support considered as a high suppler quality of life, in disabled’s health promotion interventions design. http://rehabilitationj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1524-en.pdf Social support Life quality Disability